Table 3.
Associations between NMR lipidomics and carotid atherosclerosis: multiple regression analysis
| Model 1* | Model 2* | Model 3* | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p value | OR (95% CI) | p value | OR (95% CI) | p value | |
| Presence of carotid plaque | ||||||
| Triglycerides | 1.09 (0.73–1.63) | 0.674 | 1.09 (0.72–1.65) | 0.693 | 1.09 (0.72–1.64) | 0.697 |
| Glycerophospholipids | 0.65 (0.25–1.69) | 0.373 | 0.68 (0.26–1.80) | 0.435 | 0.67 (0.25–1.79) | 0.429 |
| Phosphatidylcholine | 0.64 (0.23–1.76) | 0.386 | 0.67 (0.24–1.86) | 0.444 | 0.64 (0.23–1.79) | 0.397 |
| Sphingomyelin | 0.52 (0.31–0.88) | 0.015 | 0.51 (0.30–0.89) | 0.018 | 0.50 (0.28–0.86) | 0.013 |
| Lysophosphatidylcholine | 0.78 (0.02–40.42) | 0.903 | 0.97 (0.02–53.45) | 0.989 | 1.29 (0.02–79.02) | 0.904 |
| Esterified cholesterol | 0.89 (0.45–1.74) | 0.734 | 0.91 (0.46–1.79) | 0.787 | 0.92 (0.45–1.88) | 0.824 |
| Free cholesterol | 0.50 (0.15–1.74) | 0.277 | 0.55 (0.16–1.94) | 0.352 | 0.54 (0.15–1.92) | 0.338 |
| Linoleic acid | 0.91 (0.53–1.55) | 0.721 | 0.92 (0.54–1.58) | 0.767 | 0.94 (0.55–1.61) | 0.814 |
| Saturated fatty acids | 0.91 (0.65–1.28) | 0.584 | 0.91 (0.65–1.28) | 0.580 | 0.90 (0.64–1.27) | 0.552 |
| ω-3 fatty acids | 1.83 (0.03–96.4) | 0.765 | 2.18 (0.04–120.0) | 0.704 | 1.48 (0.02–97.4) | 0.855 |
| ω-6 fatty acids | 0.82 (0.50–1.35) | 0.435 | 0.81 (0.49–1.35) | 0.421 | 0.81 (0.49–1.35) | 0.416 |
| ω-7 fatty acids | 1.40 (0.88–2.23) | 0.153 | 1.44 (0.90–2.31) | 0.125 | 1.47 (0.92–2.35) | 0.109 |
| ω-9 fatty acids | 1.05 (0.87–1.28) | 0.622 | 1.05 (0.87–1.28) | 0.596 | 1.06 (0.87–1.28) | 0.570 |
| DHA | 1.04 (0.94–1.14) | 0.443 | 1.05 (0.95–1.15) | 0.372 | 1.05 (0.95–1.16) | 0.369 |
| ARA-EPA | 0.98 (0.25–3.89) | 0.981 | 1.06 (0.26–4.38) | 0.932 | 1.11 (0.26–4.70) | 0.889 |
| Presence of ≥ 3 carotid plaques | ||||||
| Triglycerides | 0.84 (0.27–2.66) | 0.772 | 0.76 (0.21–2.75) | 0.677 | 0.72 (0.15–3.40) | 0.676 |
| Glycerophospholipids | 0.23 (0.03–1.62) | 0.140 | 0.27 (0.04–1.93) | 0.192 | 0.17 (0.01–2.32) | 0.185 |
| Phosphatidylcholine | 0.16 (0.02–1.367) | 0.094 | 0.17 (0.02–1.54) | 0.114 | 0.14 (0.01–1.80) | 0.130 |
| Sphingomyelin | 0.48 (0.21–1.10) | 0.082 | 0.53 (0.21–1.32) | 0.172 | 0.57 (0.20–1.59) | 0.282 |
| Lysophosphatidylcholine | 0.96 (0.0–962.3) | 0.991 | 3.05 (0.0–4726) | 0.766 | 0.73 (0.0–1380) | 0.934 |
| Esterified cholesterol | 0.12 (0.02–0.59) | 0.009 | 0.10 (0.02–0.58) | 0.010 | 0.055 (0.006–0.51) | 0.011 |
| Free cholesterol | 0.019 (0.001–0.39) | 0.010 | 0.025 (0.001–0.56) | 0.020 | 0.009 (0.0–0.60) | 0.027 |
| Linoleic acid | 0.36 (0.11–1.18) | 0.091 | 0.33 (0.93–1.20) | 0.092 | 0.17 (0.03–0.93) | 0.041 |
| Saturated fatty acids | 1.06 (0.63–1.80) | 0.827 | 1.05 (0.60–1.81) | 0.875 | 1.23 (0.66–2.28) | 0.512 |
| ω-3 fatty acids | 0.11 (0.0–71.7) | 0.500 | 0.18 (0.0–189.8) | 0.626 | 0.60 (0.0–724.8) | 0.888 |
| ω-6 fatty acids | 0.38 (0.13–1.06) | 0.063 | 0.38 (0.14–1.07) | 0.068 | 0.27 (0.07–0.97) | 0.045 |
| ω-7 fatty acids | 1.61 (0.73–3.51) | 0.236 | 1.77 (0.79–3.95) | 0.165 | 1.89 (0.74–4.79) | 0.181 |
| ω-9 fatty acids | 0.68 (0.38–1.021) | 0.192 | 0.69 (0.39–1.21) | 0.194 | 0.63 (0.34–1.15) | 0.132 |
| DHA | 0.99 (0.83–1.17) | 0.881 | 0.98 (0.84–1.20) | 0.981 | 1.01 (0.83–1.23) | 0.911 |
| ARA-EPA | 1.13 (0.08–15.91) | 0.930 | 1.49 (0.09–23.83) | 0.776 | 2.42 (0.12–49.46) | 0.565 |
Logistic regression model (OR and 95% confidence interval) is presented. All the data were expressed for increments of 1 mmol/L, except for sphingomyelin (0.1 mmol/L increase) and DHA (0.01 mmol/L increase)
ARA arachidonic acid, DHA docosahexaenoic acid, EPA eicosapentaenoic acid
*Model 1: age- and sex-adjusted; model 2: model 1 adjusted for age, sex, presence of hypertension and statin treatment; model 3: model 2 + mean HbA1c in the last 5 years and diabetes duration