Table 4.
Moisture content (g/100 g), concentrations (mg/100 g edible portion on fresh weight basis) of macrominerals in some Nigerian foods ‘as consumed’ and upper boundq mean concentrations at food group level.
| Food group | Individual food sample: local/common name | Number of samples (n) | Moisture | Potassium | Sodium | Calcium | Magnesium |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Limit of quantification (LOQ) (mg/100 g EP) | – | 0.414 | 0.502 | 0.356 | 0.320 | ||
| Tubers, starches and their products | Fufu (cooked) | 12 | 67.8 | 53.4 (25.4–92.8) | 5.02 (1.87–8.59) | 20.6 (10.8–40.3) | 19.5 (4.63–35.7) |
| Sweet potato (fried) | 4 | 53.0 | 404 (381–426) | 162 (137–214) | 30.9 (22.1–44.1) | 28.9 (17.0–51.3) | |
| Amala dudu (cooked) | 10 | 76.3 | 191 (121–254) | 15.1 (7.15–28.5) | 14.9 (7.45–32.7) | 26.3 (10.3–41.4) | |
| Pounded yam | 6 | 70.3 | 186 (142–269) | 9.02 (2.84–15.8) | 12.4 (6.11–20.0) | 27.5 (10.4–45.1) | |
| Yam (fried) | 8 | 54.5 | 313 (249–389) | 214 (125–382) | 20.6 (12.8–31.7) | 38.7 (12.7–79.1) | |
| Yam (boiled) | 3 | 64.2 | 161 (161–162) | 336 (335–336) | 27.0 (18.7–35.2) | 72.2 (71.1–73.3) | |
| Poundo yam (cooked) | 2 | 73.9 | 15.6 (14.8–16.4) | 12.0 (11.7–12.4) | 9.20 (9.05–9.35) | 5.50 (4.00–7.00) | |
| Yam pottage (white yam) | 2 | 68.8 | 247 (226–271) | 236 (215–252) | 10.9 (10.6–11.4) | 14.8 (14.1–16.0) | |
| Cake (water yam, fried) | 2 | 63.3 | 554 (542–566) | 353 (345–360) | 10.0 (9.98–10.1) | 21.6 (20.8–22.4) | |
| Cooked garri | 10 | 72.6 | 96.3 (35.7–181) | 11.8 (4.92–18.9) | 22.5 (12.9–33.5) | 27.6 (10.9–43.8) | |
| Bread fruit (boiled) | 2 | 79.5 | 221 (219–223) | 12.2 (12.0–12.4) | 18.1 (13.44–24.7) | 44.3 (42.2–46.4) | |
| Plantain (mature ripe, fried) | 6 | 43.3 | 448 (350–678) | 12.8 (3.85–24.1) | 5.01 (4.36–6.29) | 58.1 (38.3–71.6) | |
| Plantain chip (mature unripe, fried) | 4 | 1.95 | 969 (931–1050) | 194 (105–280) | 6.41 (5.68–7.12) | 91.6 (84.0–98.3) | |
| qFood group mean ± SD | – | – | 297 ± 260bc | 121 ± 130a | 16.0 ± 8.0a | 36.7 ± 24ab | |
| Cereals and cereal products | Rice (Long grain, boiled) | 14 | 71.0 | 34.3 (18.7–51.4) | 205 (100–355) | 8.83 (3.59–15.3) | 13.5 (2.40–36.3) |
| Rice (Short grain, boiled) | 4 | 71.7 | 11.3 (10.9–11.7) | 333 (328–337) | 11.5 (10.7–12.2) | 19.9 (19.7–20.1) | |
| Local Rice (boiled) | 4 | 71.9 | 49.6 (16.7–93.4) | 158 (117–236) | 10.5 (8.89–13.5) | 36.2 (11.8–48.1) | |
| Jollof Rice | 5 | 65.8 | 98.3 (74.0–130) | 362 (326–409) | 15.3 (11.2–18.9) | 24.6 (16.3–31.0) | |
| Fried Rice | 3 | 62.5 | 93.2 (81.1–106) | 334 (257–469) | 9.45 (9.18–10.0) | 7.37 (6.96–8.22) | |
| Masa (rice cake, fried) | 3 | 56.4 | 27.2 (16.0–48.9) | 163 (146–197) | 19.8 (12.0–27.2) | 26.5 (12.4–51.8) | |
| Garogaro (rice, beans, boiled; along with fresh sauce) | 2 | 67.1 | 76.2 (62.1–105) | 180 (128–206) | 32.2 (20.3–41.7) | 48.8 (43.9–52.7) | |
| Maize (yellow, roasted) | 6 | 42.8 | 211 (89.1–325) | 8.73 (2.46–27.5) | 12.7 (6.0–18.3) | 71.9 (25.6–112) | |
| Maize (yellow, boiled) | 3 | 72.7 | 195 (189–201) | 7.54 (6.99–8.09) | 9.1 (4.51–15.7) | 47.2 (44.8–49.6) | |
| Maize (white, roasted) | 2 | 54.6 | 126 (122–131) | 35.7 (33.7–37.8) | 11.6 (7.4–16.8) | 93.6 (88.4–99.0) | |
| Tuwo (white maize, cooked) | 4 | 77.9 | 60.3 (21.4–138) | 28.9 (4.66–74.3) | 9.67 (7.12–14.9) | 32.6 (22.6–52.2) | |
| Tuwo (rice, cooked) | 3 | 77.0 | 19.4 (12.5–30.5) | 27.4 (12.5–49.3) | 7.29 (4.11–11.9) | 9.58 (5.02–17.2) | |
| Bread (white) | 13 | 30.7 | 140 (75.6–216) | 256 (120–335) | 75.3 (40.5–158) | 51.0 (14.7–99.5) | |
| Bread (whole wheat) | 3 | 26.8 | 174 (153–196) | 148 (128–167) | 94.8 (83.2–96.8) | 94.9 (82.0–108) | |
| Bread (malt) | 2 | 28.3 | 220 (208–233) | 116 (116–117) | 91.5 (88.9–95.0) | 24.4 (23.2–25.6) | |
| Maize, white, moulded gruel | 10 | 86.4 | 25.6 (6.07–67.1) | 5.28 (0.58–16.7) | 2.98 (1.70–4.12) | 11.5 (3.67–32.3) | |
| Cornmeal (white maize, powder, fried) | 2 | 5.23 | 250 (233–260) | 538 (516–580) | 1.35 (0.892–1.72) | 94.8 (88.3–98.5) | |
| Semovita (cooked) | 9 | 76.2 | 47.1 (27.9–112) | 5.06 (2.07–10.2) | 6.63 (5.19–10.2) | 14.3 (7.34–21.9) | |
| Donkwa (cooked) | 2 | 18.0 | 325 (255–395) | 219 (167–274) | 101 (79.6–125) | 181 (163–210) | |
| Fura (cooked) | 2 | 57.5 | 119 (109–136) | 8.09 (7.25–10.1) | 13.1 (8.43–18.2) | 49.6 (45.0–54.5) | |
| Oat (cooked) | 2 | 89.0 | 36.8 (35.7–38.0) | 3.56 (3.26–3.86) | 4.79 (4.22–5.36) | 4.04 (3.47–4.60) | |
| Custard (cooked) | 2 | 91.0 | 2.92 (2.90–2.93) | 92.8 (91.3–94.3) | 2.64 (2.16–2.98) | 18.0 (15.9–20.2) | |
| Granola | 2 | 1.63 | 91.0 (81.9–99.5) | 232 (182–304) | 138 (127.5–155) | 19.4 (14.0–29.7) | |
| Cornflakes | 2 | 1.17 | 821 (811–831) | 2.55 (1.80–3.30) | 7.50 (6.00–9.42) | 70.0 (65.0–75.0) | |
| Spaghetti (boiled) | 2 | 63.5 | 156 (151–161) | 53.6 (52.4–54.8) | 2.70 (2.61–2.95) | 14.7 (14.3–15.2) | |
| Jollof spaghetti | 2 | 67.0 | 130 (126–135) | 317 (312–322) | 3.01 (2.79–3.23) | 18.2 (17.7–18.8) | |
| Noodles (plain, boiled) | 6 | 61.0 | 69.9 (59.5–89.2) | 589 (487–734) | 2.15 (1.61–3.09) | 9.76 (8.06–11.3) | |
| Noodles (boiled, with boled or fried egg) | 3 | 59.4 | 73.0 (53.5–100) | 594 (380–861) | 4.43 (3.47–5.16) | 10.3 (7.81–12.4) | |
| Kunu (gyada) | 2 | 89.6 | 29.6 (28.8–30.3) | 1.70 (1.62–1.78) | 4.51 (3.87–4.96) | 8.22 (7.37–9.06) | |
| qFood group mean ± SD | – | – | 128 ± 160a | 173 ± 180a | 24.6 ± 36a | 38.8 ± 39ab | |
| Legumes and legume products | Bean pottage (White bean) | 4 | 70.0 | 351 (274–480) | 441 (377–576) | 16.8 (12.7–21.4) | 54.0 (49.2–59.5) |
| Bean (drum, boiled) | 8 | 64.2 | 331 (83.9–495) | 282 (66.2–443) | 18.5 (9.80–29.2) | 59.9 (16.9–93.2) | |
| Bean (white, boiled) | 2 | 60.9 | 433 (310–557) | 297 (287–306) | 20.2 (16.2–24.1) | 63.7 (50.3–77.0) | |
| Bean (olo 2, boiled) | 3 | 68.6 | 298 (269–335) | 248 (233–262) | 28.5 (25.2–32.7) | 87.3 (76.5–102) | |
| Bean (pewu, boiled) | 2 | 67.8 | 74.9 (74.8–75.1) | 147 (137–158) | 16.4 (16.3–16.5) | 30.7 (26.2–35.2) | |
| Bean cake (white bean, fried) | 3 | 53.3 | 349 (339–364) | 362 (337–410) | 28.3 (16.5–38.6) | 76.9 (71.3–86.5) | |
| Bean cake (pewu bean, fried) | 3 | 54.3 | 502 (443–599) | 404 (262–488) | 19.3 (18.9–19.9) | 61.7 (55.3–64.6) | |
| Bean cake (drum bean, fried) | 2 | 50.5 | 541 (387–696) | 620 (619–622) | 18.5 (18.0–19.2) | 60.9 (54.4–67.4) | |
| Bean pudding moulded (white bean, cooked) | 2 | 68.5 | 277 (207–314) | 368 (335–386) | 27.0 (25.1–29.1) | 61.6 (59.2–66.2) | |
| Bean pudding moulded (olo 2 bean, cooked) | 2 | 73.2 | 269 (261–276) | 484 (344–623) | 16.5 (16.3–16.7) | 32.9 (29.0–36.7) | |
| Bambara nut (boiled) | 2 | 59.6 | 266 (252–280) | 516 (514–518) | 16.8 (14.4–19.1) | 71.7 (69.5–74.1) | |
| Bean pudding moulded (Bambara nut, cooked) | 4 | 64.1 | 286 (244–336) | 456 (427–486) | 22.3 (19.6–26.9) | 85.7 (72.1–98.7) | |
| Tofu pie | 2 | 33.8 | 226 (215–236) | 432 (428–436) | 30.6 (30.0–31.2) | 58.0 (56.3–59.6) | |
| Tofu (fried) | 7 | 55.5 | 133 (109–184) | 482 (435–579) | 84.8 (80.9–91.1) | 49.1 (40.5–55.5) | |
| qFood group mean ± SD | – | – | 310 ± 130bc | 396 ± 120a | 26.0 ± 18a | 61.0 ± 17b | |
| Fruits | Banana (ripe) | 15 | 75.1 | 263 (204–338) | 7.14 (3.24–15.9) | 4.38 (2.44–8.42) | 41.7 (31.5–53.7) |
| Orange | 15 | 89.3 | 126 (83.3–199) | 1.46 (nd-3.13) | 33.6 (29.0–40.1) | 13.7 (10.3–19.8) | |
| Pawpaw | 9 | 89.5 | 109 (78.9–141) | 3.19 (1.51–6.43) | 18.5 (16.5–22.3) | 11.8 (5.74–20.6) | |
| Pineapple | 7 | 84.8 | 84.9 (52.1–109) | 2.58 (1.07–5.53) | 15.6 (11.5–20.6) | 23.5 (16.4–29.0) | |
| Water melon (fruit without seed) | 16 | 93.4 | 87.6 (61.0–121) | 2.78 (1.13–5.89) | 6.09 (5.10–7.99) | 8.92 (5.20–15.1) | |
| Golden melon | 2 | 93.5 | 144 (138–149) | 1.53 (1.41–1.65) | 8.91 (8.82–9.00) | 14.7 (14.2–15.2) | |
| Guava | 4 | 84.0 | 260 (177–380) | 4.52 (3.16–7.34) | 20.4 (13.7–24.8) | 15.9 (11.3–23.4) | |
| Date | 4 | 10.0 | 607 (565–644) | 16.1 (10.5–26.7) | 45.2 (33.3–54.4) | 56.2 (48.1–74.9) | |
| Apple (wine) | 6 | 83.8 | 85.2 (70.6–105) | 3.29 (2.14–5.25) | 6.63 (5.48–8.41) | 9.11 (4.38–24.0) | |
| Apple (green) | 13 | 84.7 | 76.4 (50.0–116) | 3.32 (1.06–6.67) | 4.71 (3.65–5.76) | 6.59 (3.47–13.1) | |
| Apple (wine/green) | 2 | 83.0 | 85.2 (84.9–85.4) | 3.20 (3.04–3.35) | 8.50 (8.00–9.00) | 7.30 (5.78–8.82) | |
| Pear apple (European pear) | 4 | 84.2 | 81.9 (69.0–105) | 3.34 (2.41–4.86) | 12.9 (9.00–14.1) | 14.7 (10.8–21.9) | |
| Tangerine | 4 | 89.8 | 144 (134–160) | 2.85 (1.67–3.82) | 30.1 (27.2–31.9) | 13.0 (9.61–15.1) | |
| Plum | 2 | 81.9 | 169 (167–172) | 5.23 (4.91–5.55) | 2.65 (2.61–2.72) | 7.44 (7.07–7.81) | |
| qFood group mean ± SD | – | – | 166 ± 140ab | 4.32 ± 3.7a | 15.6 ± 13a | 17.5 ± 14a | |
| Vegetables and vegetable products | Eggplant (light yellow) | 7 | 92.9 | 151 (132–162) | 2.24 (1.08–3.47) | 9.29 (8.07–11.1) | 16.0 (13.8–20.4) |
| Eggplant (green) | 7 | 91.8 | 159 (128–187) | 3.16 (1.90–5.69) | 9.33 (7.42–10.2) | 20.6 (16.9–23.2) | |
| Eggplant (reddish) | 2 | 91.7 | 141 (118–157) | 7.75 (7.34–8.35) | 8.73 (7.34–9.34) | 24.9 (24.1–25.6) | |
| Eggplant (lemon) | 2 | 92.5 | 131 (105–158) | 2.41 (2.15–2.67) | 7.92 (6.81–8.63) | 14.3 (11.9–16.8) | |
| Green bell pepper (raw) | 3 | 94.4 | 180 (163–189) | 1.74 (1.45–2.01) | 7.86 (5.60–10.9) | 13.1 (11.4–14.9) | |
| Green peas (raw) | 7 | 74.7 | 390 (266–554) | 9.11 (3.43–15.6) | 23.9 (19.1–31.2) | 55.0 (33.6–65.8) | |
| Green bean (raw) | 2 | 92.1 | 231 (181–282) | 3.93 (3.23–4.62) | 34.1 (32.3–35.9) | 29.8 (25.7–33.8) | |
| Cabbage (raw) | 7 | 93.1 | 204 (152–233) | 4.00 (2.59–5.66) | 30.6 (28.6–36.3) | 14.7 (11.4–21.4) | |
| Cole slaw | 3 | 81.1 | 203 (192–210) | 142 (120–170) | 28.1 (26.6–29.6) | 18.0 (16.5–21.1) | |
| Carrot | 3 | 88.1 | 312 (234–363) | 11.2 (6.19–16.1) | 24.3 (21.8–25.8) | 18.6 (16.8–21.5) | |
| Cucumber | 10 | 96.6 | 108 (86.3–150) | 1.81 (0.78–4.06) | 15.2 (14.7–15.6) | 11.3 (7.39–17.1) | |
| Stew (for rice, with vegetable oil) | 23 | 71.5 | 273 (96.4–489) | 786 (267–1580) | 11.9 (7.90–26.7) | 27.9 (11.5–50.3) | |
| Stew (for tuwo) | 2 | 81.9 | 58.1 (57.3–58.9) | 410 (408–411) | 16.1 (14.2–18.0) | 44.0 (42.8–45.3) | |
| Stew (with palm oil) | 4 | 79.0 | 245 (199–296) | 577 (401–706) | 13.4 (8.65–22.2) | 22.0 (13.6–30.8) | |
| Stew (for masa) | 2 | 86.6 | 191 (190–191) | 513 (479–546) | 15.5 (14.4–16.7) | 29.8 (29.0–30.6) | |
| Stew (for swallow) | 2 | 76.1 | 217 (213–222) | 484 (434–534) | 7.83 (7.39–8.26) | 16.7 (12.9–20.6) | |
| Stew (for local rice) | 2 | 82.9 | 156 (138–167) | 547 (480–585) | 6.22 (6.11–6.28) | 14.6 (13.9–15.3) | |
| Egg stew | 2 | 65.4 | 301 (290–313) | 986 (980–991) | 31.7 (31.5–31.9) | 22.8 (22.7–22.9) | |
| Groundnut soup | 2 | 84.1 | 102 (96.0–107) | 644 (634–654) | 17.1 (16.3–17.9) | 28.9 (28.8–29.0) | |
| Bean soup | 2 | 71.3 | 209 (205–215) | 421 (391–454) | 21.7 (21.3–22.1) | 38.0 (37.0–38.9) | |
| African/wild mango soup | 2 | 70.3 | 109 (108–109) | 679 (678–680) | 48.7 (47.6–49.8) | 42.5 (41.7–43.2) | |
| Fluted pumpkin leaves (fried) | 2 | 72.2 | 226 (211–241) | 400 (381–419) | 49.6 (48.3–50.8) | 93.6 (89.0–98.1) | |
| Ladies' finger (plain) | 4 | 91.5 | 127 (118–137) | 407 (374–436) | 26.3 (21.9–39.2) | 25.7 (18.2–33.6) | |
| Ladies' fingers soup | 4 | 93.2 | 96.2 (89.0–118) | 394 (331–484) | 38.6 (28.7–57.4) | 19.4 (18.3–21.0) | |
| African spinach soup | 2 | 56.6 | 187 (177–197) | 1170 (1140–1200) | 39.8 (39.6–39.9) | 113 (112–114) | |
| Jute leaf (plain) | 7 | 93.5 | 97.5 (62.0–146) | 316 (237–525) | 30.8 (16.0–49.2) | 23.8 (17.1–34.2) | |
| Lagos spinach soup | 2 | 60.1 | 202 (199–206) | 690 (661–719) | 35.7 (35.6–35.8) | 71.6 (70.2–73.0) | |
| Fluted pumpkin leaves soup (with egusi) | 7 | 68.6 | 190 (153–290) | 457 (344–637) | 57.4 (41.2–94.4) | 91.3 (64.8–133) | |
| African spinach soup (with egusi) | 3 | 74.2 | 133 (105–171) | 507 (384–639) | 58.6 (45.9–73.1) | 86.0 (70.7–105) | |
| African spinach soup (efo riro) | 2 | 79.9 | 251 (226–277) | 725 (608–843) | 31.3 (25.3–37.3) | 72.1 (64.7–79.5) | |
| Lagos spinach soup (with egusi) | 2 | 70.2 | 237 (170–272) | 697 (554–785) | 44.6 (23.3–55.9) | 155 (148–163) | |
| Water leaf soup | 4 | 71.6 | 201 (183–217) | 552 (526–580) | 38.2 (30.1–48.8) | 72.7 (59.8–87.1) | |
| Water leaf (with Fluted pumpkin leaves) soup | 2 | 72.0 | 254 (249–258) | 423 (416–429) | 58.7 (52.4–65.1) | 74.1 (72.5–75.7) | |
| Lagos spinach soup (efo riro) | 3 | 73.9 | 199 (161–230) | 721 (575–927) | 39.8 (37.8–41.6) | 76.2 (71.1–82.0) | |
| Wild African spinach soup (with egusi) | 2 | 83.0 | 93.2 (92.2–94.2) | 341 (326–356) | 23.1 (22.2–24.1) | 42.9 (41.9–44.0) | |
| qFood group mean ± SD | – | – | 188 ± 72ab | 401 ± 310a | 27.5 ± 16a | 44.0 ± 34ab | |
| Condiments | Salt | 4 | 2.3 | 207 (180–243) | 30,700 (28,600–33300) | 7.61 (5.56–8.78) | 56.5 (29.4–87.6) |
| Locust bean (boiled and fermented) | 7 | 65.8 | 35.6 (15.7–51.8) | 503 (103–957) | 90.7 (73.3–110) | 67.3 (49.8–101) | |
| qFood group mean ± SD | – | – | 121 ± 120ab | 15,600 ± 21000b | 49.2 ± 59ab | 61.9 ± 7.6abc | |
| Milk and milk product | Powdered vegetable-fat milk (raw) | 6 | 3.6 | 1430 (1400–1450) | 249 (244–254) | 694 (674–714) | 91.8 (91.5–92.1) |
| Powdered full-cream milk (raw) | 4 | 3.9 | 1440 (1320–1550) | 337 (294–400) | 1280 (1240–1320) | 95.0 (89.7–97.2) | |
| Nono (locally fermented milk) | 2 | 92.3 | 106 (95.5–115) | 22.5 (21.3–24.7) | 51.6 (54.3–72.8) | 16.7 (12.1–22.0) | |
| qFood group mean ± SD | – | – | 992 ± 770d | 203 ± 160a | 675 ± 610c | 67.8 ± 44abc | |
| Meat, poultry and eggs | Beef (boiled, in stew) | 12 | 65.5 | 201 (121–265) | 494 (312–850) | 18.8 (13.9–31.2) | 35.0 (24.8–55.1) |
| Beef (fried, in stew) | 9 | 46.7 | 309 (231–418) | 563 (352–840) | 21.2 (14.8–27.6) | 35.5 (29.2–46.9) | |
| Ponmo (raw) | 6 | 79.0 | 6.95 (2.57–10.8) | 15.7 (11.5–19.9) | 5.85 (3.11–7.14) | 6.51 (3.81–9.46) | |
| Chicken thigh (fried) | 5 | 44.5 | 251 (178–291) | 363 (153–573) | 34.7 (28.0–43.9) | 40.3 (29.1–56.8) | |
| Turkey wing (fried) | 5 | 44.3 | 266 (241–305) | 480 (268–869) | 39.0 (31.6–45.8) | 49.7 (39.6–64.7) | |
| Egg (boiled) | 5 | 74.6 | 148 (96.8–177) | 152 (135–170) | 47.1 (38.8–58.3) | 16.8 (14.3–19.7) | |
| Egg (boiled, in stew) | 3 | 72.2 | 180 (138–228) | 377 (216–470) | 48.2 (44.8–50.1) | 18.9 (16.9–20.7) | |
| qFood group mean ± SD | – | – | 195 ± 99ab | 349 ± 200a | 30.7 ± 16ab | 29.0 ± 15ab | |
| Fish | Atlantic herring (fried) | 6 | 40.9 | 684 (567–869) | 320 (267–377) | 71.9 (66.1–82.2) | 69.4 (48.9–95.8) |
| Atlantic herring (tiny, fried) | 2 | 24.3 | 876 (867–886) | 244 (240–248) | 56.9 (55.0–67.7) | 77.8 (77.0–78.6) | |
| Atlantic herring (smoked) | 5 | 53.9 | 518 (427–560) | 232 (159–263) | 63.5 (38.4–82.1) | 55.9 (47.4–66.9) | |
| Atlantic horse mackerel (fried) | 5 | 52.6 | 382 (152–678) | 438 (277–629) | 96.1 (85.4–113) | 53.2 (25.7–83.0) | |
| Atlantic mackerel (fried) | 4 | 48.3 | 369 (333–453) | 274 (133–430) | 41.4 (38.5–46.6) | 47.4 (38.1–57.7) | |
| Atlantic mackerel (smoked) | 2 | 45.3 | 455 (424–475) | 276 (243–319) | 32.5 (31.9–33.6) | 54.0 (52.4–57.0) | |
| Folo (roasted) | 2 | 22.3 | 1510 (1490–1540) | 474 (463–485) | 85.2 (83.0–87.2) | 116 (111–122) | |
| Cat fish (roasted) | 5 | 13.9 | 845 (434–1140) | 303 (226–436) | 78.4 (58.2–103) | 133 (109–168) | |
| Cray fish (roasted) | 4 | 11.4 | 859 (704–1090) | 1080 (762–1410) | 205 (162–256) | 416 (358–492) | |
| Blue whiting (roasted) | 5 | 61.3 | 464 (164–838) | 455 (339–587) | 56.9 (45.3–70.4) | 124 (117–136) | |
| Blue whiting (fried) | 3 | 40.1 | 623 (400–845) | 659 (624–700) | 51.6 (39.9–67.1) | 108 (77–135) | |
| Stockfish | 3 | 5.5 | 1520 (1510–1540) | 585 (581–589) | 396 (356–436) | 229 (223–234) | |
| West African croaker (roasted) | 3 | 10.4 | 1240 (1170–1300) | 501 (479–526) | 29.8 (26.9–35.7) | 149 (136–173) | |
| Palamu (roasted) | 4 | 6.5 | 1330 (1200–1430) | 714 (645–766) | 44.5 (39.8–50.0) | 208 (183–248) | |
| qFood group mean ± SD | – | – | 834 ± 410d | 468 ± 240a | 93.6 ± 97b | 131 ± 100c | |
| Nuts and seeds | Ground nut (roasted, salted) | 7 | 3.11 | 717 (523–841) | 377 (222–587) | 50.8 (45.6–53.5) | 272 (196–375) |
| Ground nut (boiled, salted) | 6 | 40.5 | 327 (258–394) | 294 (110–447) | 47.6 (43.6–54.5) | 147 (114–209) | |
| Cashew nut (roasted) | 2 | 4.78 | 554 (547–567) | 45.5 (44.0–47.9) | 52.4 (44.6–58.6) | 326 (307–351) | |
| Walnut (boiled) | 2 | 36.4 | 867 (849–885) | 12.4 (12.1–12.6) | 81.1 (74.7–85.1) | 248 (242–254) | |
| Coconut (mature, kernel, fresh) | 3 | 41.9 | 317 (170–398) | 24.2 (16.5–36.4) | 16.3 (10.2–24.0) | 97.6 (75.5–132) | |
| Tiger nut (yellow) | 2 | 47.5 | 302 (296–308) | 10.6 (10.1–11.1) | 27.6 (27.0–28.2) | 54.8 (54.5–55.2) | |
| Tiger nut (brown) | 3 | 14.5 | 473 (462–483) | 8.54 (7.99–9.08) | 26.2 (23.2–29.1) | 74.5 (70.9–78.1) | |
| Water melon (seed) | 2 | 53.2 | 266 (263–268) | 13.9 (13.8–13.9) | 6.26 (6.18–6.35) | 143 (142–145) | |
| qFood group mean ± SD | – | – | 478 ± 220c | 98.3 ± 150a | 38.5 ± 24ab | 183 ± 130d | |
| Sugar and cocoa product | Refined sugar (raw) | 4 | 1.00 | 33.3 (30.0–39.1) | 1.97 (1.56–2.62) | 4.20 (2.80–5.80) | 1.16 (0.900–1.60) |
| Cocoa product (raw) | 4 | 1.55 | 825 (784–867) | 120 (113–127) | 212 (202–226) | 195 (191–200) | |
| qFood group mean ± SD | – | – | 429 ± 560abc | 61.0 ± 84a | 108 ± 150ab | 98.1 ± 140bc |
Values are presented as mean (min.-max.); limit of detection (LOD); limit of quantification (LOQ); edible portion (EP). LOD = ½ LOQ.
q Estimate upper bound mean concentrations: all non-detected and non-quantified values were expressed at the level of LOD and LOQ, respectively. Food group mean values having different superscript alphabetical letter are significantly different from each other at p < 0.05.