Table 1.
General characteristics of the study population.
| Variables | Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | Female | ||||||||||||||
| Total | Yes | No | P- value | Total | Yes | No | P- value | ||||||||
| N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | ||||
| Total ( N =9,603) | 4,063 | 100.0 | 1,433 | 35.3 | 2,630 | 64.7 | 5,540 | 100.0 | 1,278 | 23.1 | 4,262 | 76.9 | |||
| Smoking Behavior | 0.0014 | 0.5628 | |||||||||||||
| Nonsmoker | 1,140 | 28.1 | 354 | 31.1 | 786 | 68.9 | 4,969 | 89.7 | 1,156 | 23.3 | 3,813 | 76.7 | |||
| Ex-smoker | 1,674 | 41.2 | 629 | 37.6 | 1,045 | 62.4 | 312 | 5.6 | 65 | 20.8 | 247 | 79.2 | |||
| Current smoker | 1,249 | 30.7 | 450 | 36.0 | 799 | 64.0 | 259 | 4.7 | 57 | 22.0 | 202 | 78.0 | |||
| Age (Mean, SD) | 51.6 | 17.2 | 52.2 | 15.9 | 51.3 | 17.9 | < 0.0001 | 51.8 | 16.4 | 49.8 | 16.3 | 58.6 | 14.9 | < 0.0001 | |
| Marital status | 0.0185 | 0.1441 | |||||||||||||
| Married | 2,884 | 71.0 | 1,043 | 36.2 | 1,841 | 63.8 | 3,664 | 66.1 | 835 | 22.8 | 2,829 | 77.2 | |||
| Divorced, Separated | 166 | 4.1 | 67 | 40.4 | 99 | 59.6 | 343 | 6.2 | 94 | 27.4 | 249 | 72.6 | |||
| Single, widow | 1,013 | 24.9 | 323 | 31.9 | 690 | 68.1 | 1,533 | 27.7 | 349 | 22.8 | 1,184 | 77.2 | |||
| Educational level | 0.8249 | < 0.0001 | |||||||||||||
| Middle school or below | 878 | 21.6 | 317 | 36.1 | 561 | 63.9 | 1,715 | 31.0 | 621 | 36.2 | 1,094 | 63.8 | |||
| High school | 1,472 | 36.2 | 513 | 34.9 | 959 | 65.1 | 1,787 | 32.3 | 381 | 21.3 | 1,406 | 78.7 | |||
| College or over | 1,713 | 42.2 | 603 | 35.2 | 1,110 | 64.8 | 2,038 | 36.8 | 276 | 13.5 | 1,762 | 86.5 | |||
| Household income | 0.6334 | < 0.0001 | |||||||||||||
| Low | 651 | 16.0 | 224 | 34.4 | 427 | 65.6 | 1,046 | 18.9 | 353 | 33.7 | 693 | 66.3 | |||
| Mid-low | 985 | 24.2 | 364 | 37.0 | 621 | 63.0 | 1,360 | 24.5 | 334 | 24.6 | 1,026 | 75.4 | |||
| Mid-high | 1,129 | 27.8 | 396 | 35.1 | 733 | 64.9 | 1,488 | 26.9 | 297 | 20.0 | 1,191 | 80.0 | |||
| High | 1,298 | 31.9 | 449 | 34.6 | 849 | 65.4 | 1,646 | 29.7 | 294 | 17.9 | 1,352 | 82.1 | |||
| Region | 0.2872 | < 0.0001 | |||||||||||||
| Metropolitan | 1,720 | 42.3 | 584 | 34.0 | 1,136 | 66.0 | 2,466 | 44.5 | 502 | 20.4 | 1,964 | 79.6 | |||
| Urban | 1,505 | 37.0 | 540 | 35.9 | 965 | 64.1 | 2,034 | 36.7 | 459 | 22.6 | 1,575 | 77.4 | |||
| Rural | 838 | 20.6 | 309 | 36.9 | 529 | 63.1 | 1,040 | 18.8 | 317 | 30.5 | 723 | 69.5 | |||
| Occupational categories | 0.6403 | < 0.0001 | |||||||||||||
| White | 1,155 | 28.4 | 422 | 36.5 | 733 | 63.5 | 1,263 | 22.8 | 174 | 13.8 | 1,089 | 86.2 | |||
| Pink | 404 | 9.9 | 137 | 33.9 | 267 | 66.1 | 835 | 15.1 | 191 | 22.9 | 644 | 77.1 | |||
| Blue | 1,308 | 32.2 | 449 | 34.3 | 859 | 65.7 | 822 | 14.8 | 217 | 26.4 | 605 | 73.6 | |||
| Inoccupation | 1,196 | 29.4 | 425 | 35.5 | 771 | 64.5 | 2,620 | 47.3 | 696 | 26.6 | 1,924 | 73.4 | |||
| Current drinking status | 0.0315 | < 0.0001 | |||||||||||||
| Never or occasionally | 1,273 | 31.3 | 435 | 34.2 | 838 | 65.8 | 3,310 | 59.7 | 892 | 26.9 | 2,418 | 73.1 | |||
| 2–4 times/month | 1,478 | 36.4 | 498 | 33.7 | 980 | 66.3 | 1,633 | 29.5 | 297 | 18.2 | 1,336 | 81.8 | |||
| 2–4 times/week | 1,312 | 32.3 | 500 | 38.1 | 812 | 61.9 | 597 | 10.8 | 89 | 14.9 | 508 | 85.1 | |||
| Physical activity | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |||||||||||||
| Adequate | 1,906 | 46.9 | 613 | 32.2 | 1,293 | 67.8 | 2,216 | 40.0 | 425 | 19.2 | 1,791 | 80.8 | |||
| Inadequate | 2,157 | 53.1 | 820 | 38.0 | 1,337 | 62.0 | 3,324 | 60.0 | 853 | 25.7 | 2,471 | 74.3 | |||
| BMI | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |||||||||||||
| Normal | 1,155 | 28.4 | 132 | 11.4 | 1,023 | 88.6 | 2,494 | 45.0 | 175 | 7.0 | 2,319 | 93.0 | |||
| Underweight | 92 | 2.3 | 3 | 3.3 | 89 | 96.7 | 272 | 4.9 | 6 | 2.2 | 266 | 97.8 | |||
| Overweight | 1,069 | 26.3 | 274 | 25.6 | 795 | 74.4 | 1,116 | 20.1 | 268 | 24.0 | 848 | 76.0 | |||
| Obesity of stage 1 | 1,472 | 36.2 | 796 | 54.1 | 676 | 45.9 | 1,351 | 24.4 | 597 | 44.2 | 754 | 55.8 | |||
| Obesity of stages 2&3 | 275 | 6.8 | 228 | 82.9 | 47 | 17.1 | 307 | 5.5 | 232 | 75.6 | 75 | 24.4 | |||
| Diagnosis of hypertension | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |||||||||||||
| Yes | 1,105 | 27.2 | 530 | 48.0 | 575 | 52.0 | 1,290 | 23.3 | 577 | 44.7 | 713 | 55.3 | |||
| No | 2,958 | 72.8 | 903 | 30.5 | 2,055 | 69.5 | 4,250 | 76.7 | 701 | 16.5 | 3,549 | 83.5 | |||
| Diagnosis of diabetes | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |||||||||||||
| Yes | 466 | 11.5 | 299 | 64.2 | 167 | 35.8 | 500 | 9.0 | 339 | 67.8 | 161 | 32.2 | |||
| No | 3,597 | 88.5 | 1,134 | 31.5 | 2,463 | 68.5 | 5,040 | 91.0 | 939 | 18.6 | 4,101 | 81.4 | |||
| Year | 0.0018 | 0.1354 | |||||||||||||
| 2019 | 2,088 | 51.4 | 689 | 33.0 | 1,399 | 67.0 | 2,932 | 52.9 | 653 | 22.3 | 1,983 | 77.7 | |||
| 2020 | 1,975 | 48.6 | 744 | 37.7 | 1,231 | 62.3 | 2,608 | 47.1 | 625 | 24.0 | 2,279 | 76.0 | |||