Table 1.
Distribution of Respondent Characteristics at Baseline—Overall and by Perceived Ability to Understand Spoken Language
| Variable | Overall (N=244) | Perceived ability to understand spoken language |
p a | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Understand all/most (N=61) | Understand some/little/none (N=159) | |||
| Respondent characteristics | Nb (Col%) | Nb (Row%) | ||
| Age in years | ||||
| 18–34 | 49 (20.3) | 16 (38.1) | 26 (61.9) | 0.03 |
| 35–49 | 64 (26.6) | 20 (32.3) | 42 (67.7) | |
| 50–64 | 73 (30.3) | 18 (26.9) | 49 (73.1) | |
| 65+ | 55 (22.8) | 6 (12.8) | 41 (87.2) | |
| Race | ||||
| African American/Black | 13 (5.4) | 5 (45.5) | 6 (54.5) | 0.46 |
| Asian/other | 26 (10.8) | 8 (33.3) | 16 (66.7) | |
| Hispanic | 30 (12.4) | 7 (24.1) | 22 (75.9) | |
| White | 172 (71.4) | 41 (26.3) | 115 (73.7) | |
| Education | ||||
| High school degree | 30 (12.4) | 7 (28.0) | 18 (72.0) | 0.97 |
| Some college | 44 (18.2) | 11 (28.9) | 27 (71.1) | |
| College graduate | 168 (69.4) | 43 (27.4) | 114 (72.6) | |
| Sexual orientation | ||||
| Straight | 162 (68.9) | 36 (24.3) | 112 (75.7) | 0.32 |
| LGBQA+ | 73 (31.1) | 21 (31.3) | 46 (68.7) | |
| Preferred language | ||||
| Signed language | 113 (50.9) | 18 (16.1) | 94 (83.9) | <0.0001 |
| Both signed and spoken language | 109 (49.1) | 43 (39.8) | 65 (60.2) | |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married/living with a partner | 124 (51.0) | 28 (23.9) | 89 (76.1) | 0.23 |
| Divorced/widowed/separated/never married | 119 (49.0) | 33 (32.0) | 70 (68.0) | |
| Income range | ||||
| Lower | 36 (35.0) | 12 (33.3) | 24 (66.7) | 0.07 |
| Middle | 49 (47.6) | 14 (28.6) | 35 (71.4) | |
| Upper | 18 (17.5) | 1 (5.6) | 17 (94.4) | |
| Have health insurance | ||||
| No | 15 (6.4) | 6 (46.2) | 7 (53.8) | 0.19 |
| Yes | 219 (93.6) | 52 (26.0) | 148 (74.0) | |
| Any lifetime medical diagnosis | ||||
| No | 26 (15.0) | 11 (42.3) | 15 (57.7) | 0.05 |
| Yes | 147 (85.0) | 30 (21.9) | 107 (78.1) | |
| Occupation status | ||||
| Employed | 132 (54.3) | 39 (32.0) | 83 (68.0) | 0.13 |
| Unemployed/homemaker/student/retired/disabled | 111 (45.7) | 22 (22.4) | 76 (77.6) | |
| Self-reported body mass index | ||||
| <25.0 | 35 (33.7) | 10 (28.6) | 25 (71.4) | 0.85 |
| 25.0–29.9 | 39 (37.5) | 9 (23.1) | 30 (76.9) | |
| ≥30.0 | 30 (28.8) | 8 (26.7) | 22 (73.3) | |
| Health care experience: baseline | N (Col %) | |||
| Visit any clinic or doctor's office in person during the pandemic | ||||
| No | 124 (57.7) | 33 (63.5) | 81 (57.4) | 0.51 |
| Yes | 91 (42.3) | 19 (36.5) | 60 (42.6) | |
| Got an interpreter when needed to communicate with a health care provider during this clinic or in-person visit at a doctor's office | ||||
| No | 50 (78.1) | 9 (69.2) | 35 (79.5) | 0.47 |
| Yes | 14 (21.9) | 4 (30.8) | 9 (20.5) | |
| Go to an emergency room or urgent care during the pandemic | ||||
| No | 213 (88.8) | 54 (90.0) | 137 (87.8) | 0.81 |
| Yes | 27 (11.3) | 6 (10.0) | 19 (12.2) | |
| Use telehealth to visit you or your loved ones' (e.g., parents, children) health care provider | ||||
| No | 118(49.2) | 33 (55.0) | 72 (46.2) | 0.29 |
| Yes | 122(50.8) | 27 (45.0) | 84 (53.8) | |
| Health care experience: follow-up | N (Col %) | |||
| Visit any clinic or doctor's office in person during the pandemic | ||||
| No | 68 (30.5) | 14 (26.4) | 49 (32.9) | 0.49 |
| Yes | 155 (69.5) | 39 (73.6) | 100 (67.1) | |
| Got an interpreter when needed to communicate with a health care provider during this clinic or in-person visit at a doctor's office | ||||
| No | 90 (60.0) | 16 (43.2) | 66 (68.0) | 0.01 |
| Yes | 60 (40.0) | 21 (56.8) | 31 (32.0) | |
| Go to an emergency room or urgent care during the pandemic | ||||
| No | 186 (83.4) | 46 (86.8) | 124 (83.2) | 0.66 |
| Yes | 37 (16.6) | 7 (13.2) | 25 (16.8) | |
| Use telehealth to visit you or your loved ones' (e.g., parents, children) health care provider | ||||
| No | 186 (83.4) | 26 (49.1) | 77 (51.7) | 0.75 |
| Yes | 37 (16.6) | 27 (50.9) | 72 (48.3) | |
| Did the provider who you saw the most during the pandemic do a good job of accommodating you as a deaf patient (e.g., telehealth, video relay interpreting)—follow-up | ||||
| No | 16 (9.9) | 6 (15.8) | 6 (5.6) | 0.08 |
| Yes | 145 (90.1) | 32 (84.2) | 101 (94.4) | |
| Health care provider tell you that you had or were diagnosed with COVID-19—follow-up | ||||
| No | 220 (98.7) | 52 (98.1) | 148 (99.3) | 0.46 |
| Yes | 3 (1.3) | 1 (1.9) | 1 (0.7) | |
a
Based on two-sided chi-square.
b
Might not add up to the total due to missing values.