Table 1.
Items of the extended TAM model and their sources.
| Items | Source |
|---|---|
| Internet anxiety | |
| I get confused when working with the internet | Calisir et al. (2014) and Sánchez-Prieto et al. (2017) |
| I get anxious when I think about taking an online course | |
| I get nervous when I am asked to participate in online discussions | |
| I’m worried about enrolling in online courses | |
| I avoid working on the internet | |
| I get anxious when I need to use online resources | |
| I get nervous about getting lost in virtual space | |
| Intention | |
| I plan to take virtual classroom systems courses in the future if held at the university | Tao et al. (2019), Park (2009) and Davis (1989) |
| I intend to be an active user in an online-learning system | |
| I recommend that some courses be held virtually after COVID-19 | |
| Internet self-efficacy | |
| How confident are you about your ability in each of the following? | Kuo (2010) and Kuo et al. (2014) |
| Troubleshooting Internet hardware | |
| Learning advanced skills in an online course | |
| Creating an online chat group if needed | |
| Understanding Internet hardware terms/words | |
| Attitude | |
| I think it was a good idea to attend the online classes | Sivo et al. (2018), Calisir et al. (2014), Park (2009) and Davis (1989) |
| Output quality | |
| The scientific quality of the online classes was the same as the face-to-face classes I had | Eom et al. (2006) |
| I learned as much from online classes as I did from the face-to-face version of the course | |
| The quality of the learning experience in online classes is better than in-class classes | |
| PEOU (PEOU) | |
| It was easy for me to learn how to use online classes | Sivo et al. (2018), Calisir et al. (2014), Tao et al. (2019), Park (2009), Davis (1989) and Pal and Vanijja (2020) |
| I think the process of using online classroom systems is clear and understandable | |
| Acquiring skills using online classroom systems is easy for me | |
| PU (PU) | |
| Online classes provided me with a valuable learning experience | Davis (1989) and Pal and Vanijja (2020) |
| Online classes minimize inequalities in education | |
| Assessing the success of online classes is a somewhat objective exercise | |