Table 2.
Comparison of DASS-21, IES-R and Brief-COPE scores among Polish, Ukrainian, and Taiwanese participants (N = 1626).
| Psychosocial profile | Mean ± SD (Number (%)) | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poland (N = 1053) | Ukraine (N = 385) | Taiwan (N = 188) | ||
| DASS-21 score | 44.71 ± 27.48 | 56.84 ± 25.14 | 25.66 ± 24.21 | < 0.001 |
| Depression | 6.97 ± 5.06 | 9.25 ± 4.67 | 3.93 ± 4.41 | < 0.001 |
| Anxiety | 6.08 ± 4.89 | 7.63 ± 4.85 | 3.43 ± 3.78 | < 0.001 |
| Stress | 9.30 ± 5.22 | 11.54 ± 4.59 | 5.47 ± 4.74 | < 0.001 |
| Depression | ||||
| > 9 | 305 (29) | 179 (46.5) | 21 (11.2) | < 0.001 |
| δ 9 | 748 (71) | 206 (53.5) | 167 (88.8) | < 0.001 |
| Anxiety | ||||
| > 7 | 384 (36.5) | 186 (46.3) | 28 (14.9) | < 0.001 |
| δ 7 | 669 (63.5) | 199 (51.7) | 160 (85.1) | < 0.001 |
| Stress | ||||
| > 14 | 183 (17.4) | 110 (28.6) | 7 (3.7) | < 0.001 |
| δ 14 | 870 (82.6) | 275 (71.4) | 181 (96.3) | < 0.001 |
| IES-R score | 35.01 ± 15.15 | 41.36 ± 14.94 | 40.37 ± 16.86 | < 0.001 |
| Mean IES-R score | 4.75 ± 2.09 | 5.67 ± 2.07 | 5.47 ± 2.30 | < 0.001 |
| Avoidance | 1.65 ± 0.76 | 1.62 ± 0.74 | 1.89 ± 0.81 | < 0.001 |
| Intrusion | 1.60 ± 0.86 | 2.05 ± 0.89 | 1.87 ± 0.85 | < 0.001 |
| Hyperarousal | 1.50 ± 0.87 | 2.00 ± 0.89 | 1.70 ± 0.81 | < 0.001 |
| IES-R score | ||||
| > 32 (Cut-off for post-traumatic stress) | 602 (57.2) | 282 (73.2) | 107 (56.9) | < 0.001 |
| δ 32 | 451 (42.8) | 103 (26.8) | 81 (43.1) | < 0.001 |
| Brief-COPE score | 34.36 ± 12.08 | 38.69 ± 11.33 | 63.49 ± 15.13 | < 0.001 |
| Mean brief-COPE score | 3.64 ± 1.31 | 4.13 ± 1.22 | 6.75 ± 1.60 | < 0.001 |
| Problem-focused coping | 1.47 ± 0.65 | 1.80 ± 0.61 | 2.79 ± 0.79 | < 0.001 |
| Emotion-focused coping | 1.30 ± 0.46 | 1.42 ± 0.45 | 2.36 ± 0.62 | < 0.001 |
| Avoidant coping | 0.87 ± 0.53 | 0.91 ± 0.50 | 1.60 ± 0.47 | < 0.001 |
DASS-21 depression, anxiety, stress scale, IES-R impact of event scale-revised, Brief-COPE brief coping orientation to problems experienced questionnaire.