Table 3.
Comparison of direct impact, psychological impact, help seeking behaviour and personal views on the war among Polish, Ukrainian and Taiwanese participants (n = 1626).
| Demographic data | Number (%) | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poland (N = 1053) | Ukraine (n = 385) | Taiwan (n = 188) | ||
| I. Direct impact of the 2022 Russia-Ukraine War | ||||
| Do you know a person/friend/relative who was killed in the current Ukraine crisis? | ||||
| Yes | 35 (3.3) | 186 (48.3) | 1 (0.5) | < 0.001 |
| No | 1018 (96.7) | 199 (51.7) | 187 (99.5) | |
| Do you know a person/friend/relative who was injured in the current war in Ukraine? | ||||
| Yes | 47 (4.5) | 181 (47) | 2 (1.1) | < 0.001 |
| No | 1006 (95.5) | 204 (53) | 186 (98.6) | |
| Do you know a person/friend/relative who is being endangered in the current war in Ukraine? | ||||
| Yes | 343 (32.6) | 351 (91.2) | 4 (2.1) | < 0.001 |
| No | 710 (67.4) | 34 (8.8) | 184 (97.9) | |
| Is your life endangered in the current war in Ukraine? | ||||
| Yes | 37 (3.5) | 223 (57.9) | 2 (1.1) | < 0.001 |
| No | 1016 (96.5) | 162 (42.1) | 186 (98.6) | |
| Were you forced to separate from your family or loved ones during the current war in Ukraine? | ||||
| Yes | 11 (1) | 237 (61.6) | 2 (1.1) | < 0.001 |
| No | 1042 (99) | 148 (38.4) | 186 (98.6) | |
| Does the war in Ukraine have a negative impact on your income? | ||||
| Yes | 299 (28.4) | 312 (81) | 23 (12.2) | < 0.001 |
| No | 754 (71.6) | 73 (19) | 165 (87.8) | |
| Does the war in Ukraine affected your financial security? | ||||
| Yes | 722 (68.6) | 356 (92.5) | 27 (14.4) | < 0.001 |
| No | 331 (31.4) | 29 (7.5) | 161 (85.6) | |
| Are you distressed by the war noises in Ukraine? | ||||
| Yes | 721 (68.5) | 340 (88.3) | 89 (47.3) | < 0.001 |
| No | 332 (31.5) | 45 (11.7) | 99 (52.7) | |
| II. Psychological impact of the 2022 Russia-Ukraine War | ||||
| Are you distressed by the media war scenes from Ukraine? | ||||
| Yes | 846 (80.3) | 321 (83.4) | 102 (54.3) | < 0.001 |
| No | 207 (19.7) | 64 (16.6) | 86 (45.7) | |
| Are you distressed when you hear the news or see people who were killed during the Ukraine crisis? | ||||
| Yes | 870 (82.6) | 358 (93) | 168 (89.4) | < 0.001 |
| No | 183 (17.4) | 27 (7) | 20 (10.6) | |
| Do you consider the war in Ukraine to be a major cause of your distress lately? | ||||
| No | 241 (22.9) | 15 (3.9) | 133 (70.7) | < 0.001 |
| Partial | 592 (56.2) | 91 (23.6) | 53 (28.2) | < 0.001 |
| Yes, totally | 220 (20.9) | 279 (72.5) | 2 (1.1) | < 0.001 |
| Is the media exposure to the current war in Ukraine psychological traumatic? | ||||
| Agree | 442 (42) | 269 (69.9) | 46 (24.5) | < 0.001 |
| Neutral of no comment | 293 (27.8) | 76 (19.7) | 84 (44.7) | < 0.001 |
| Disagree | 318 (30.2) | 40 (10.4) | 58 (30.9) | < 0.001 |
| Your sleep quality since the war in Ukraine started is: | ||||
| Good | 285 (27.1) | 41 (10.6) | 44 (23.4) | < 0.001 |
| Average | 625 (59.4) | 205 (53.2) | 136 (72.3) | < 0.001 |
| Poor | 143 (13.6) | 139 (36.1) | 8 (4.3) | < 0.001 |
| Rumination about the current war in Ukraine | ||||
| I feel angry about the current war in Ukraine | ||||
| Nearly all the time | 361 (34.3) | 193 (50.1) | 17 (9) | < 0.001 |
| Sometimes | 542 (51.5) | 154 (40) | 90 (47.9) | < 0.001 |
| Rarely | 101 (9.6) | 26 (6.8) | 62 (33) | < 0.001 |
| Not at all | 49 (4.7) | 12 (3.1) | 19 (10.1) | 0.001 |
| I feel injustice about the current war in Ukraine | ||||
| Nearly all the time | 788 (74.8) | 339 (88.1) | 40 (21.3) | < 0.001 |
| Sometimes | 194 (18.4) | 29 (7.5) | 101 (53.7) | < 0.001 |
| Rarely | 38 (3.6) | 9 (2.3) | 35 (18.6) | < 0.001 |
| Not at all | 33 (3.1) | 8 (2.1) | 12 (6.4) | 0.023 |
| Help seeking behavior during the war in Ukraine | ||||
| Have you developed a mental health problem (e.g. depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress) due to the war in Ukraine? | ||||
| Yes | 216 (20.5) | 228 (59.2) | 7 (3.7) | < 0.001 |
| No | 837 (79.5) | 157 (40.8) | 181 (96.3) | |
| Would you seek professional help for your mental health problem related to the war in Ukraine? | ||||
| Yes | 600 (57) | 183 (47.5) | 8 (4.3) | < 0.001 |
| No | 453 (43) | 202 (52.5) | 180 (95.7) | |
| If you want to seek professional help for your mental problems, which mental healthcare professionals would you consult? | ||||
| Psychiatrists | 466 (25.5) | 70 (13.8) | 57 (30.3) | < 0.001 |
| Clinical psychologists or counselors | 810 (44.2) | 197 (38.9) | 92 (48.9) | < 0.001 |
| General practitioners or family doctors | 81 (4.4) | 17 (3.4) | 10 (5.3) | 0.065 |
| Social workers | 12 (0.7) | 16 (3.2) | 5 (2.7) | 0.001 |
| Nurses | 6 (0.3) | 4 (0.8) | 2 (1) | 0.561 |
| Religious leaders | 59 (3.2) | 46 (9.1) | 5 (2.7) | < 0.001 |
| Online psychotherapy | 388 (21.2) | 143 (28) | 11 (5.9) | < 0.001 |
| Others | 9 (0.5) | 14 (2.8) | 6 (3.2) | < 0.001 |
| III. Personal views towards the Russia-Ukraine war | ||||
| Do you fear that war may break out in your country/region soon? | ||||
| Yes | 682 (64.8) | 333 (86.5) | 116 (61.7) | < 0.001 |
| No | 371 (35.2) | 52 (13.5) | 72 (38.3) | |
| You predict the war in Ukraine crisis will end in: | ||||
| A few days | 10 (0.9) | 3 (0.8) | 3 (1.6) | 0.637 |
| One to two weeks | 41 (3.9) | 16 (4.2) | 11 (5.9) | 0.466 |
| 1 month | 172 (16.3) | 95 (24.7) | 49 (26.1) | < 0.001 |
| 6 months | 207 (19.7) | 80 (20.8) | 50 (26.6) | 0.097 |
| 1 year | 57 (5.4) | 22 (5.7) | 17 (9) | 0.148 |
| 2 years | 37 (3.5) | 3 (0.8) | 3 (1.6) | 0.011 |
| More than 2 years | 72 (6.8) | 11 (2.9) | 10 (5.3) | 0.015 |
| I do not know | 457 (43.4) | 155 (40.3) | 45 (23.9) | < 0.001 |
| Do you think that the current war in Ukraine may lead to the outbreak of World War III? | ||||
| Likely | 382 (36.3) | 261 (67.8) | 75 (39.9) | < 0.001 |
| Neutral or no comment | 366 (34.8) | 50 (13) | 49 (26.1) | < 0.001 |
| Unlikely | 305 (29) | 74 (19.2) | 64 (34) | < 0.001 |
| Do you think that the current war in Ukraine may lead to the use of nuclear weapons? | ||||
| Likely | 273 (25.9) | 151 (39.2) | 81 (43.1) | < 0.001 |
| Neutral or no comment | 345 (32.8) | 105 (27.3) | 46 (24.5) | 0.022 |
| Unlikely | 435 (41.3) | 129 (33.5) | 61 (32.4) | 0.005 |
| Average time spent on news related to the war in Ukraine crisis per day | ||||
| 0 h per day | 94 (8.9) | 10 (2.6) | 57 (30.3) | < 0.001 |
| Up to 1 h | 556 (52.8) | 75 (19.5) | 99 (52.7) | < 0.001 |
| 1–2 h per day | 256 (24.3) | 126 (32.7) | 23 (12.2) | < 0.001 |
| 3–5 h per day | 109 (10.4) | 114 (29.6) | 8 (4.3) | < 0.001 |
| 6–8 h per day | 26 (2.5) | 32 (8.3) | 1 (0.5) | < 0.001 |
| 8–10 h per day | 6 (0.6) | 7 (1.8) | 0 (0) | 0.027 |
| Above 10 h per day | 6 (0.6) | 21 (5.5) | 0 (0) | < 0.001 |
| What is your most preferred source of information about the war in Ukraine? | ||||
| Social media | 622 (25.1) | 252 (31.7) | 59 (31.4) | < 0.001 |
| Internet | 857 (34.6) | 268 (33.7) | 89 (47.3) | < 0.001 |
| Television | 359 (14.5) | 107 (13.5) | 34 (18.1) | < 0.001 |
| Radio | 177 (7.2) | 26 (3.3) | 2 (1.1) | < 0.001 |
| Newspaper | 70 (2.8) | 6 (0.8) | 1 (0.5) | < 0.001 |
| Friends | 311 (12.6) | 103 (13) | 2 (1.1) | < 0.001 |
| Others | 78 (3.2) | 33 (4) | 1 (0.5) | < 0.001 |