Table 2.

Cultural competence of Dutch physician assistant (PA) students and alumni

		Total	PA students	PA alumni	P *
Cultural competence domains
Knowledge		n = 115	n = 31	n = 84
General ethnic minority care provision	Mean (SD) % of max. score†	4.3 (1.5) 53	4.3 (1.4) 54	4.2 (1.6) 53	0.86
Interpretation services	Mean (SD) % of max. score	3.2 (1.0) 63	3.0 (1.0) 61	3.2 (1.0) 64	0.43
Reflection Ability		n = 109	n = 29	n = 80
GRAS score‡	Mean (SD) % of max. score	91 (7) 79	90 (5) 78	91 (7) 79	0.59
Culturally competent consultation behavior		n = 124	n = 35	n = 89
Exploring perspective	Mean (SD) % of max score	2.7 (1.1) 68	2.7 (0.8) 67	2.7 (1.1) 68	0.68
Exploring health literacy	Mean (SD) % of max. score	3.1 (1.1) 79	3.0 (1.1) 76	3.2 (1.2) 80	0.06
Exploring social context	Mean (SD) % of max. score	1.0 (0.7) 34	0.8 (0.5) 27	1.1 (0.7) 37	0.42
Use of interpretation services	Mean (SD) % of max. score	4.9 (1.0)** 82	4.9 (1.1)** 82	4.9 (1.0)** 82	0.95
Self-perceived cultural competenceǂ		n = 136	n = 40	n = 96
	Mean (SD)	6.3 (1.3)	6.0 (1.2)	6.5 (1.3)	0.038

^*PA students versus PA alumni, Mann Whitney U test

^**Total, n = 117; PA students, n = 31; PA alumni, n = 86

^†Cultural competence as percentage of maximum score: < 60% insufficient, 60–80% moderate, and > 80% sufficient

^‡Groningen Reflection Ability Scale (maximum score: 23–115)

^ǂScore 1–10