Table 2.
Study and participant characteristics
| Author (Year), Country | N (T/C) | Age (T/C) | Male (%) | Control group | Intensity T/C (h/week) | Duration T/C (months) | Outcome (Instrument) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eikeseth et al. (2002), Norway [49] |
13/ 12 |
66.32/ 65 |
76 | TAU | 28/29.8 | 12/12 | IF (WPPSI-R, WISC-R/-III, BSID-II), AB (VABS), L (RDLS) |
| Eikeseth et al. (2012), Norway [50] |
35/ 24 |
47/ 53 |
83.1 | TAU | 23/NA | 12/12 | AB (VABS) |
| Eldevik et al. (2012), Norway [51] |
31/ 12 |
42.2/ 46.2 |
76.7 | TAU | 13.6/NA | 25.1/24.6 | IF(BSID,SB:FE), AB (VABS) |
| Fava et al. (2011), Italy [52] |
12/ 10 |
52/ 43.7 |
86.4 | TAU | 14/12 | 6.4/7.2 | IF (GMDS-ER 2:8), AB (VABS), L (CDI), SyS (ADOS), PS (PSI) |
| Fernell et al. (2011), Sweden [53] |
91/ 101 |
37.6/ 43.5 |
NA | low-intensity treatment (ABA) | 15–40/NA | 25/NA | AB (VABS) |
| Howard et al. (2005), USA [24] |
29/ 16/16 |
30.86/ 37.44/ 34.56 |
88.5 |
(1) AP (2) GP |
25–40/25–30 | 14.12/13.25 | IF (BSID-IIa), AB (VABSa), L (RDLSa) |
| Magiati et al. (2007), UK [54] |
28/ 16 |
38/ 42.5 |
88.6 | TAU | 32.4/25.6 | 24/26 | IF (BSID-II, WPPSI-R), AB (VABS), L (BPVS-II, EOWPVT-R), SyS (ADI-R) |
| Molnár et al. (2017), Germany [55] |
13/ 7 |
56.4/ 56.4 |
100 | waitlist control group | 17.5/0 | 10.7/6 | IF (PEP-3) |
| Remington et al. (2007), UK [56] |
23/ 21 |
35.7/ 38.4 |
NA | TAU | 25.6/NA | 24/24 |
IF (BSID-II, SB:FE) AB (VABS), L (RDLS-3), SyS (ASQ), PS (QRS-F) |
| Shawler (2016), USA [48] |
32/ 19 |
27.97/ 27.24 |
86.3 | TAU | 22/1–8 (h/ month) | 13.16/13.05 | IF (MSEL) |
| Zachor & Ben-Itzchak (2010), Israel [57] |
45/ 33 |
25.1/ 26 |
91 | TAU | 20/19 | 12/12 | AB (VABS), L (MSEL) |
Note.aseveral other instruments were used as described in the section “Methods of outcome measurement”. Age is displayed in months. N = sample size, T = treatment group, C = control group, TAU = treatment as usual (eclectic treatment), AP = Autism educational programming, GP = General educational programming, IF = intellectual functioning, AB = adaptive behavior, L = language abilities, SyS = symptom severity, PS = parental stress, MSEL = Mullen Scales of Early Learning, VABS = Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale, ADOS = Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, WPPSI-R = Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, WISC-R/WISC-III = Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, BSID = Bayley Scales of Infant Development, RDLS = Reynell Developmental Language Scale, SB:FE = Standford-Binet Intelligence Scale: Fourth Edition, GMDS-ER 2:8 = Griffith Mental Developmental Scales—Extended Revised: 2 to 8 Years, CDI = MacArthur Communication Developmental Inventories, PSI = Parenting Stress Index, BPVS-II = British Picture Vocabulary Scale- II, EOWPVT-R = Expressive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised, ADI-R = Autism Diagnostic Interview – Revised, PEP-3 = Psychoeducational Profile, ASQ = Autism Screening Questionnaire, QRS-F = Questionnaire on Resources and Stress–Friedrich short form