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. 2023 Mar 3;11:41. doi: 10.1186/s40168-023-01490-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — Maternal microbes transfer to the embryonic gut from the magnum to the egg white. Microbial composition at the phylum (a) and genus (b) levels, unique and shared taxa between groups (c), and between sample types (d) in the magnum (abbreviated as mag), egg white (abbreviated as EW), and E15 and E21 embryonic gut, n = 6 hens/eggs/embryos. e Beta diversity of microbes in the magnum, egg white, and E15 and E21 embryonic gut (n = 12). f Overview of the beta diversity of microbes between groups in the magnum, egg white, and E15 and E21 embryonic gut (n = 6). g Beta diversity of microbes between groups specifically in the magnum, egg white, and E15 and E21 embryonic gut (n = 6). Ellipses denote 95% confidence intervals. h Source of the magnum (n = 12) proportions of microbes in the egg white and E15 and E21 embryonic gut estimated using SourceTracker with 100 Gibbs draws