Table 2.

Flying/driving interventionalists concepts with and without a telestroke setting in suspected AIS due to LVO

Reference [No.]	Morey et al. 2020 [48]			Hubert et al. 2022 [53]
Telestroke setting	Without teleneurology			With teleneurology
Number of patients	198			157
Vascular screening criteria	Anterior and vertebrobasilar circulation, LVO			Anterior and vertebrobasilar circulation, LVO
Center type	CSC/MS	PSC/DS	PSC/MIST	Spoke/DS	Spoke/FIT
Proportion of patients [%]	10.1	57.6	32.3	45.9	54.1
Age [years]	66.8 (± 12.3)**	68.3 (± 14.9)**	69.0 (± 12.8)**	75 (66–79)*	77 (67–82)*
NIHSS at admission	16.6 (± 7.5)**	17.5 (± 6.1)**	15.4 (± 6.1)**	13 (8–18)*	15 (10–18)*
IVT [%]	45.0	45.6	45.3	68	69
EVT [%]	100	100	100	67	83
Initial door to groin [min]	114.3 (± 49.5)**	231.6 (± 102.1)**	144.4 (± 57.7)**; p < 0.05 versus DS	212 (185–252)*	112 (96–132)*
First imaging to groin [min]	89.8 (± 34.7)**	203.5 (± 91.9)**	126.3 (± 54.4)** p < 0.05 versus DS	194 (167–226)*	101 (86–115)*
Favorable outcome [mRS 0–2) [%]	(3 months) 40.0	(3 months) 38.9	(3 months) 52.8	(3 months) 39	(3 months) 44
ICH [%]	No data	No data	No data	(Symptomatic) 16	(Symptomatic) 7
Mortality [%]	No data	No data	No data	(3 months) 19	(3 months) 25

It should be noted that further studies on driving interventionalist models exist, but no detailed description regarding the usage of teleneurology has been provided. The very thorough designed study by Morey et al. was included here as an illustrative example

AIS Acute ischemic stroke; CSC Comprehensive stroke center; DS Drip-and-ship model; EMS Contact with emergency medical service; EVT Endovascular treatment; FIT Flying interventionalists model; ICH Intracerebral hemorrhage; IVT Intravenous thrombolysis; LVO Large vessel occlusion; MIST Mobile interventional stroke team model; mRS Modified rankin scale; MS Mothership model; NIHSS National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; Spoke telemedical site with stroke care

*Median (IQR); **mean (SD); bold statistically significant (p < 0.05)