Table 2.
Characteristics of included studies
| Author and year | Year of data collection | Participant characteristics | Country | Quality assessment | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | Number | Socioeconomic status | ||||
| Amos et al. (2007) [25] | 2002 | Range 15–16 years | 46 ( 24 females and 22 males) | 4 focus groups from middle class (ABC1) and 4 from working class (C2DE) | UK (Scotland) | HIGH |
| Arora et al. (2010) [26] | 2005 | Range 10–19 years | 37 (6 females and 31 males) | 2 low SES communities | India | MEDIUM |
| Baheiraei et al. (2018) [27] | 2012 | Range 15–18 years | 11 females | Not recorded | Iran | MEDIUM |
| Baillie et al. (2005) [28] | 2000-1 | Range 14–18 years, mean 16 years | 35 (17 females and 18 males) | Not recorded | Canada (British Columbia) | HIGH |
| Craciun et al. (2008) [29] | 2005-6 | Range14-15 years | 30 (15 females and 15 males) | Not recorded | Romania | LOW |
| Denscombe et al. (2001) [30] | 1997-8 | Range 15–16 years | 123 Focus groups, 20 interviews | Not recorded | UK (England) | HIGH |
| Denscombe et al. (2001b) [31] | 1997-8 | Range 15–16 years | 123 Focus groups, 20 interviews | Not recorded | UK (England) | HIGH |
| Dijk et al. (2007) [32] | 2003 | Range15-17 years | 101 | Not recorded | Netherlands | MEDIUM |
| El Kazdouh et al. (2018) [33] | 2016 | Range 14–16 years | 100 | 2 schools - one classed as “advantaged”, the other as “disadvantaged” | Morocco | HIGH |
| Fithria (2021) [34] | 2019 | Range 12–18 years | 24 male students | Schools located in regions with a poverty level of 15.41% | Indonesia | LOW |
| Fraga et al. (2011) [35] | 2003-4 | Mean/range 13 years | 30 (15 females and 15 males) | Not recorded | Portugal | LOW |
| Haines et al. (2009) [36] | 2005-6 | Range 16–19 years | 25 | No data collected but researchers say that most appeared to be mid to high SES | Canada (Toronto) | MEDIUM |
| Hong et al. (2015) [37] | 2013 | Range 13–18 years | 12 | Not recorded | Taiwan | MEDIUM |
| Ioannou et al. (2010) [38] | 2002 | Range 15–17 years | 25 (13 females and 12 males) | States ‘diverse socioeconomic backgrounds’ | Cyprus | MEDIUM |
| Jafari (2022) [39] | 2020 | Mean 16 years | 20 females | Not recorded | Iran | MEDIUM |
| Johnson et al. (2003) [40] | 2000-1 | 1st phase mean = 16, range 14–18; 2nd and 3rd phases mean = 16, range 13–19 years | 1st phase 47 (29 females and 18 males); 2nd and 3rd phases − 25 (14 females and 11 males). | Not recorded | Canada (Vancouver) | HIGH |
| Lewis et al. (2013) [41] | 2009 | Range 11–18 years | 52 (30 females and 22 males) | ‘Disadvantaged community’ - “The youth club featured is situated in a former coal-mining village which, according to the index of multiple deprivation score (North East Public Health Observatory 2007), is amongst the 10 per cent most deprived wards in a county that is one of the most deprived in England. Unemployment levels are in the highest quintile (Durham County Council 2012) for the county.” | UK (England) | HIGH |
| Milton et al. (2008) [42] | 2001 | Range 9–11 years | 76 | Over half of the cohort lived in low-income families, and 82% lived in the most deprived quartile (the poorest quarter of addresses) in the northwest of England as calculated using Townsend’s indices of deprivation. | UK (England) | HIGH |
| Mishra et al. (2005) [43] | 2002 | Range 10–16 years | 435 (181 females and 254 males) | Government run schools with low-medium SES; private schools with medium-high SES were included. | India | HIGH |
| Mitschke et al. (2008) [44] | 2006 | Range 10–14 years | 54 (35 females and 19 males) | Not recorded | USA (Hawaii) | MEDIUM |
| Mutaz (2020) [45] | unknown | Range 12–16 years | 103 males | Not recorded | Saudi Arabia | MEDIUM |
| Niknami et al. (2008) [46] | 2004-5 | Range 10–47 years | 62 (92% male) | Not recorded | Iran | HIGH |
| Nwafor et al. (2012) [47] | 2008 | Not recorded | 40 male | Not recorded | Nigeria | LOW |
| Perez-Milena et al. (2011) [48] | 2008-9 | Range 12–18 years | 44 (6 focus groups ranging from 17-78% female) | Within the six focus groups, there were between 0–33% composition of the lowest socioeconomic group, between 42–83% middle and 11–50% highest. | Spain | MEDIUM |
| Peterson et al. (2019) [49] | 2012-13 | Range 12–16 years | 81 | Students are rated high/medium/low SES but no info on how this has been done. | Uruguay | MEDIUM |
| Plano Clark et al. (2002) [50] | 1999 | Mean 16 years | 205 (plus 66 student co-researchers) | Not recorded | USA (Newbraska) | HIGH |
| Plumridge et al. (2002) [51] | 1999 | Range 14–15 years | 42 | School of relatively high socio-economic catchment (decile 8 ranking) | New Zealand | MEDIUM |
| Povlsen et al. (2018) [52] | 2013 | Range 13–16 years | 71 (36 females and 35 males) | 2 public and 2 private schools/castes recorded | Nepal | MEDIUM |
| Rothwell et al. (2011) [53] | 2007 | Mean 17 years, range 14–17 years | 28 | Not recorded | USA (Utah) | MEDIUM |
| Sanchez Martinez et al. (2008) [54] | 2005 | Range 16–17 years | 14 | Not recorded | Mexico | LOW |
| Schreuders et al. (2019) [55] | 2016-17 | Ranges: focus groups: 14–17 years old; interviews 15–18 years old | 22 for focus groups; 14 for interviews | 1 vocational school and one mid-level theoretical school | Netherlands | HIGH |
| Stewart-Knox et al. (2005) [56] | 1997–2000 | Ranges: Year 1: 11–12 years old; year 2: 12–13 years old; year 3: 13–14 + years | Year 1: 102 (52 females;50 males); Year 2: 51 (28 females;23 males); Year 3: 39 (22 females; 17 males) | Not recorded | UK (Northern Ireland) | HIGH |
| Stjerna et al. (2004) [57] | 1999 | Range 14–15 years | 43 (25 females and 18 males) | Schools had ‘average SES structure’ | Sweden | MEDIUM |
| Talip et al. (2016) [58] | 2015 | Mean 14 years, range 13–17 years | 43 males | Not recorded | Brunei | MEDIUM |
| Tamvakas et al. (2010) [59] | 2009 | Mean 15 years, range 14–16 years | 31 (14 females and 17 males) | Not recorded | Greece | MEDIUM |
| Tohid et al. (2011) [60] | 2008-10 | Mean/range 16 years | 26 (3 females and 23 males) | Not recorded | Malaysia | MEDIUM |
| Treacy et al. (2007) [61] | 1997 | Longitudinal - yearly from 11–12 to 15–16 years | 1st round 78(44 females and 34 males); 2nd round 48; 3rd round 19; 4th rounds 33 | Most of sample from working-class areas of Dublin | Republic of Ireland | HIGH |
| Turner et al. (2006) [62] | 2000-1 | Mean/range 13 years | 136 | Both schools served disadvantaged populations | UK (Scotland) | HIGH |
| Vasquez et al. (2018) [63] | 2015 | Range 9–19 years | 49 (60% males) | 90% eligible for free school lunch | USA (Texas) | HIGH |
| Woodgate et al. (2015) [64] | 2007-10 | Mean 14.5 years, range 11–19 years | 75 | 72% identified as middle class | Canada (Western Canadian Province) | HIGH |
| Yuksel et al. (2005) [65] | 2001-2 | Median 16 years | 52 youth (19 females and 33 males) + 24 adults (teachers/school counsellors/parents) | Not reported | Turkey | MEDIUM |