Table 3.
Study methods and smoking legislative context
| Author and year | Data collection methods | Analysis | Substance focus | Country and year of smoking ban | Synthesis category |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amos et al. (2007) [25] | Face to face single sex focus groups | Thematic | Smoking only | Scotland (UK) 2006 | 0–4 years before |
| Arora et al. (2010) [26] | Face to face focus groups | Thematic | Smoking and smoke-free tobacco | India no comprehensive ban | 10 + years before |
| Baheiraei et al. (2018) [27] | Telephone semi-structured interviews | Thematic (constant comparative analysis/content analysis) | Smoking only | Iran 2007 | After |
| Baillie et al. (2005) [28] | Face to face semi-structured interviews | Thematic (narrative enquiry) | Smoking only | Canada (British Columbia) 2008 | 5–9 years before |
| Craciun et al. (2008) [29] | Face to face semi-structured interviews | Thematic (content analysis) | Smoking only | Romania 2016 | 10 + years before |
| Denscombe et al. (2001) [30] | Face to face focus groups and semi-structured interviews | Thematic | Smoking only | England (UK) 2007 | 5–9 years before |
| Denscombe et al. (2001b) [31] | Face to face focus groups and semi-structured interviews | Thematic | Smoking only | England (UK) 2007 | 5–9 years before |
| Dijk et al. (2007) [32] | Face to face group interviews | Thematic | Smoking only | Netherlands 2008 | 5–9 years before |
| El Kazdouh et al. (2018) [33] | Face to face single sex focus groups | Thematic (inductive) | Substance use | Morocco no comprehensive ban | 10 + years before |
| Fithria (2021) [34] | Face to face focus groups | Thematic (inductive content analysis) | Smoking only | Indonesia no comprehensive ban | 10 + years before |
| Fraga et al. (2011) [35] | Face to face semi-structured interviews | Thematic (content analysis) | Smoking only | Portugal no comprehensive ban | 0–4 years before |
| Haines et al. (2009) [36] | Face to face semi-structured interviews | Thematic | Smoking and other substances | Canada (Toronto) 2015 | 0–4 years before |
| Hong et al. (2015) [37] | Face to face semi-structured interviews and focus groups | Thematic (Colaixxi’s method) | Smoking only | Taiwan 2009 | After |
| Ioannou et al. (2010) [38] | Face to face unstructured interviews | Thematic (content analysis/grounded theory) | Smoking only | Cyprus 2010 | 5–9 years before |
| Jafari (2022) [39] | Face to face semi-structured interviews | Thematic (content analysis) | Smoking only | Iran 2007 | After |
| Johnson et al. (2003) [40] | Face to face semi-structured interviews (secondary analysis and primary data collection) + free pile and sort | Thematic | Smoking only | Canada (Vancouver) 2015 | 10 + years before |
| Lewis et al. (2013) [41] | Ethnography | Thematic (open coding approach) | Smoking only | UK (England) 2007 | After |
| Milton et al. (2008) [42] | Face to face focus groups and semi-structured interviews | Thematic | Smoking only | UK (England) 2007 | 5–9 years before |
| Mishra et al. (2005) [43] | Face to face focus groups | Thematic | Tobacco in various forms | India, no comprehensive ban | 10 + years before |
| Mitschke et al. (2008) [44] | Face to face focus groups | Thematic | Smoking only | Honolulu, Hawaii, USA 2006 | 0–4 years before |
| Mutaz (2020) [45] | Face to face focus groups | Thematic | Smoking only | Saudi Arabia, no comprehensive ban | 10 + years before |
| Niknami et al. (2008) [46] | Face to face semi-structured interviews, focus groups and written narratives | Thematic (content analysis) | Smoking only | Iran 2007 | 0–4 years before |
| Nwafor et al. (2012) [47] | Face to face focus groups | Not stated clearly | Smoking only | Nigeria no comprehensive ban | 10 + years before |
| Perez-Milena et al. (2011) [48] | Face to face focus groups | Content analysis | Smoking only | Spain 2011 | 0–4 years before |
| Peterson et al. (2019) [49] | Face to face focus groups | Thematic (constant comparison) | Smoking only | Uruguay 2006 | After |
| Plano Clark et al. (2002) [50] | Face to face focus groups | Thematic | Primarily smoking, but also included smokeless tobacco | USA (Newbraska) 2009 | 5–9 years before |
| Plumridge et al. (2002) [51] | Face to face focus groups | Thematic | Smoking only | New Zealand 2004 | 5–9 years before |
| Povlsen et al. (2018) [52] | Face to face single sex focus groups | Thematic (content analysis) | Smoking only | Nepal 2011 | After |
| Rothwell et al. (2011) [53] | Face to face focus groups | Thematic | Smoking and chewing tobacco | USA (Utah) 2007 | 0–4 years before |
| Sanchez Martinez et al. (2008) [54] | Face to face semi-structured interviews | Thematic (content analysis) | Smoking only | Mexico 2008 | 10 + years before |
| Schreuders et al. (2019) [55] | Face to face focus groups and semi-structured interviews | Thematic (framework analysis) | Smoking only | The Netherlands 2008 | After |
| Stewart-Knox et al. (2005) [56] | Face to face semi-structured interviews | Thematic (content analysis/grounded theory) | Smoking only | UK (Northern Ireland) 2007 | 5–9 years before |
| Stjerna et al. (2004) [57] | Face to face single sex focus groups | Thematic (inductive/discursive analysis) | Tobacco, including snuff | Sweden 2005 | 10 + years before |
| Talip et al. (2016) [58] | Face to face focus groups | Thematic | Smoking only | Brunei 2017 | 0–4 years before |
| Tamvakas et al. (2010) [59] | Face to face semi-structured interviews with small groups (2/3 people) | Thematic | Smoking only | Greece 2010 | 0–4 years before |
| Tohid et al. (2011) [60] | Face to face focus groups and semi-structured interviews | Thematic | Smoking only | Malaysia 2019 | 10 + years before |
| Treacy et al. (2007) [61] | Face to face focus groups and semi-structured interviews | Thematic (inductive analysis) | Smoking only | Ireland 2004 | 5–9 years before |
| Turner et al. (2006) [62] | Face to face single sex focus groups | Thematic | Smoking only | UK (Scotland) 2006 | 0–4 years before |
| Vasquez et al. (2018) [63] | Face to face focus groups | Thematic | Smoking only | USA (Texas) No comprehensive ban | 10 + years before |
| Woodgate et al. (2015) [64] | Face to face semi-structured interviews, participatory method ‘Photovoice’ and focus groups | Thematic | Smoking only | Canada (Western Canadian Province, unclear which) 2004, 2005, 2008, 2008 | After |
| Yuksel et al. (2005) [65] | Face to face focus groups | Thematic and content analysis | Smoking only | Turkey 2009 | 10 + years before |