Table 1.
The Basic Characteristics of the Study
| Variable | Non-T2DM (n=150) | T2DM (n=150) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Agea, year | 61.82±9.28 | 61.88±9.10 | 0.955 |
| Maleb, n (%) | 73(48.67) | 73(48.67) | 1.000 |
| Educationb, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
| Primary school or below | 54(36.0) | 85(56.7) | |
| Junior high school | 46(30.7) | 36(24.0) | |
| Senior high school or above | 50(33.3) | 29(19.3) | |
| Physical activityb, n (%) | 133(88.67) | 116(77.33) | 0.013 |
| Family history of diabetesb, n (%) | 1(0.67) | 13(8.67) | 0.001 |
| Dietc | |||
| Refined grains and their products, g/d | 262.5(200.0,400.0) | 353.4(257.1,444.7) | 0.988 |
| Whole grains and related products, g/d | 64.3(32.5,100.0) | 57.1(25.4,101.0) | 0.353 |
| Vegetables and fruit, g/d | 250.0(150.0,400.0) | 200.0(150.0,292.9) | 0.139 |
| Meats, g/d | 48.2(18.5,80.4) | 42.9(19.3,74.8) | 0.554 |
| Milk and its products, g/d | 60.7(8.8,155.0) | 24.6(0.0,152.3) | 0.026 |
| Aquatic products, g/d | 4.2(1.0,14.3) | 3.3(0.5,6.7) | 0.011 |
| Bean and its products, g/d | 55.8(20.0,100.0) | 27.6(7.1,54.4) | <0.001 |
| BMIa, kg/m² | 24.72±3.28 | 26.71±4.56 | <0.001 |
| SBPa, mmHg | 129.53±18.39 | 136.90±21.76 | 0.002 |
| DBPa, mmHg | 83.55±10.83 | 85.49±11.67 | 0.136 |
| TGa, mmol/L | 1.87±1.53 | 2.41±2.06 | 0.010 |
| TCa, mmol/L, | 3.97±0.72 | 3.94±0.75 | 0.734 |
| HDLa, mmol/L | 1.07±0.25 | 1.00±0.24 | 0.014 |
| LDLa, mmol/L | 2.83±0.69 | 2.76±0.68 | 0.345 |
| TMAOc, μmol/L | 3.93(2.41,5.78) | 5.79(3.08,8.93) | <0.001 |
| Betainec, μmol/L | 65.57(52.84,80.37) | 55.52(48.37,69.37) | <0.001 |
| L-carnitinec, μmol/L | 45.58(38.80,52.77) | 42.09(35.41,50.41) | 0.005 |
| Cholinec, μmol/L | 18.08(15.84,21.55) | 19.20(16.54,23.01) | 0.032 |
| TMAc, μmol/L | 0.16(0.15,0.17) | 0.16(0.15,0.18) | 0.524 |
Notes: Quantitative variables are shown as mean ± SD and median (IQR), and qualitative variables are presented as numbers with the percentage. aThe significant difference were compared by using the Student ‘s t-test; bThe significant difference were compared by using the chi-square tests; cThe significant difference were compared by using the Wilcoxon-Mann–Whitney rank sum test.
Abbreviations: T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TG, triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol; LDL low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; TMAO, Trimethylamine N-Oxide; TMA, trimethylamine.