TABLE 2.

Examples of Maltreatment in Sport

Form of Harm	Example
Physical harm	Punching, beating, kicking, biting, shoving, striking, shaking, throwing, choking, burning, or slapping Hitting an athlete with sporting equipment Requiring an athlete to remain motionless in a seated or plank position for a period beyond reasonable training demands Forcing an athlete to kneel on a harmful surface Isolating an athlete in a confined space Denying access to needed water, food, or sleep forced physical exertion beyond the physical capabilities of the athlete (e.g., forcing an athlete to train until they vomit or lose consciousness) Medical abuse: Misuse of medication or medical procedures
Sexual harm	Any sexual relations between an adult and child athlete Unwanted or coerced sexual relations Unwanted or inappropriate sexual propositions Inappropriate sexual contact (e.g., groping of an athlete's breasts or buttocks) Exchange of reward in sport for sexual favors Vulgar or lewd sexual comments, jokes, or gestures Forcing an athlete to wear unnecessary sexually revealing attire Exposure to pornographic material
Psychological harm	Vulgar or lewd comments targeted at an individual or group Teasing, degrading or embarrassing jokes, spreading rumors, threatening comments, name-calling, humiliation, or ridicule Unwelcome, offensive, or hostile facial expressions or body gestures Creating written or graphically derogatory material about an individual Intimidating or threatening acts of aggression with no athlete contact (e.g., throwing equipment against a wall) Intentional denial of attention and/or support Referring to an individual's gender/race/sexual orientation in negative, vulgar, or derogatory terms Isolation from social activities Non-acceptance in a peer group Hazing or initiation rituals Exclusion of a person based on gender/race/sexual orientation Microaggressions (see description and examples below*)
Neglect	Not providing adequate recovery time or treatment for a sport injury Not providing adequate counseling for an athlete exhibiting signs of psychological distress. Disregard for the nutritional well-being of the athlete Inadequate supervision of an athlete Failure to ensure the safety of athletic equipment Disregarding the use of performance-enhancing drugs Disregard for educational requirements and well-being Not recognizing the social needs of the athlete Failure to provide medical care when required Failure to intervene when made aware of maltreatment

^*Microaggressions include everyday verbal, nonverbal, and environmental slights, snubs, or insults, whether intentional or unintentional, which communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative messages to target persons based solely upon their marginalized group membership. They are often indirect or casual acts of racism, sexism, ageism, homophobia, or ableism. Examples of microaggressions, include: questioning qualifications or intelligence, challenging authority, making offhand comments about accents or hairstyles, using offensive language or the wrong pronoun, questioning identity or ability, for example, “I don't see colour”; “you're too sensitive”; “Where are you really from?”.⁵⁷