HTLV-1 antenatal screening is cost-effective compared with no screening at a WTP threshold of US$50,000 per QALY gained when the maternal HTLV-1 seropositivity rate is greater than 0.0022, HTLV-1 transmission rate with long-term breastfeeding from HTLV-1 seropositive mothers to children is greater than 0.154, HTLV-1 transmission rate with short-term breastfeeding from HTLV-1 seropositive mothers to children is greater than 0.043, HTLV-1 transmission rate with bottle feeding from HTLV-1 seropositive mothers to children is lower than 0.044, the health utility value of HTLV-1 carriers is lower than 0.77, and the cost of HTLV-1 antibody test is lower than US$94.8. ICER, incremental cost-effectiveness ratio; WTP, willingness-to-pay; QALY, quality-adjusted life-year; HTLV-1, human T cell leukemia virus 1; ATL, adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma; HAM/TSP, HTLV-1-associated myelopathy-tropical spastic paraparesis.