Table 6.

Effect of probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic on the blood serum biochemical metabolites in crossbred calves

Parameters	Month	T0	T1	T2	T3
Total protein (g/dl)	0	5.41 ± 0.44	5.47 ± 0.27	5.78 ± 0.33	5.23 ± 0.19
	1	5.34 ± 0.27b	6.84 ± 0.05a	5.58 ± 0.29b	5.09 ± 0.40b
	2	5.30 ± 0.09	6.25 ± 0.36	6.47 ± 0.80	6.07 ± 0.23
	3	5.44 ± 0.22b	6.79 ± 0.11a	6.48 ± 0.12a	6.71 ± 0.13a
Average value of total protein (g/dl)		5.37 ± 0.03	6.33 ± 0.32	6.07 ± 0.23	5.77 ± 0.38
Albumin (g/dl)	0	2.91 ± 0.29	3.10 ± 0.34	3.13 ± 0.04	3.08 ± 0.45
	1	3.00 ± 0.09	3.36 ± 0.20	3.40 ± 0.27	3.49 ± 0.35
	2	3.00 ± 0.05	3.61 ± 0.13	3.56 ± 0.49	3.52 ± 0.17
	3	3.16 ± 0.07	3.49 ± 0.20	3.59 ± 0.32	3.51 ± 0.24
Average value of albumin (g/dl)		3.02 ± 0.05	3.39 ± 0.11	3.42 ± 0.11	3.40 ± 0.11
Globulin (g/dl)	0	2.50 ± 0.72	2.37 ± 0.09	2.65 ± 0.36	2.14 ± 0.41
	1	2.34 ± 0.30ab	3.48 ± 0.15a	2.18 ± 0.56ab	1.60 ± 0.63b
	2	2.30 ± 0.07	2.64 ± 0.48	2.90 ± 1.09	2.54 ± 0.32
	3	2.28 ± 0.23b	3.29 ± 0.31a	2.89 ± 0.33ab	3.20 ± 0.11a
Average value of globulin (g/dl)		2.36 ± 0.05	2.95 ± 0.26	2.66 ± 0.17	2.37 ± 0.34
A/G ratio	0	1.16 ± 0.57	1.31 ± 0.47	1.18 ± 0.19	1.43 ± 0.44
	1	1.52 ± 0.57	1.07 ± 0.13	1.23 ± 0.19	1.60 ± 0.44
	2	1.34 ± 0.60	1.48 ± 0.23	1.92 ± 1.04	1.57 ± 0.46
	3	1.21 ± 0.15	1.23 ± 0.29	1.07 ± 0.23	1.02 ± 0.24
Average value of A/G ratio		1.31 ± 0.08	1.27 ± 0.09	1.35 ± 0.19	1.41 ± 0.13

Means bearing different superscripts in a row differ significantly (P<0.05). T₀: Control group, basal diet without any additive; T₁: Probiotic group, basal diet + Lactobacillus acidophilus @ 1 g/calf per day (2 × 10¹⁰ cfu/g); T₂: Prebiotic group, basal diet + Mannan oligosaccharide @ 4 g/calf per day; and T₃: Symbiotic group: basal diet + Lactobacillus acidophilus @ 0.5 g and 2 g MOS/calf per day