Appendix 1—table 1. Linear Regression Models for log-10 transformed BRDPI-adjusted (or real) total costs of RPGs funded from FY1998 to FY2021.

Values shown for each variable are regression coefficients (standard errors). Model 1 considers time (fiscal year) only, while Model 2 factors in other variables. Model 1 explained only 0.6% of total variance, while Model 2 explained 47% of variance. Regression diagnostics indicated poor fit due largely to fat tails, which were present even after log-10 transformation. Table constructed using the R package texreg; see Leifeld, 2013, Journal of Statistical Software, 55(8), 1–24.

	Model 1	Model 2
Intercept	$5.629{(0.002)}^{***}$	$5.477{(0.002)}^{***}$
FY1999	$0.013{(0.002)}^{***}$	$0.011{(0.002)}^{***}$
FY2000	$0.033{(0.002)}^{***}$	$0.028{(0.002)}^{***}$
FY2001	$0.049{(0.002)}^{***}$	$0.045{(0.002)}^{***}$
FY2002	$0.059{(0.002)}^{***}$	$0.059{(0.002)}^{***}$
FY2003	$0.062{(0.002)}^{***}$	$0.067{(0.002)}^{***}$
FY2004	$0.061{(0.002)}^{***}$	$0.071{(0.002)}^{***}$
FY2005	$0.054{(0.002)}^{***}$	$0.066{(0.002)}^{***}$
FY2006	$0.035{(0.002)}^{***}$	$0.048{(0.002)}^{***}$
FY2007	$0.020{(0.002)}^{***}$	$0.037{(0.002)}^{***}$
FY2008	$0.008{(0.002)}^{***}$	$0.028{(0.002)}^{***}$
FY2009	$0.018{(0.002)}^{***}$	$0.033{(0.002)}^{***}$
FY2010	$0.023{(0.002)}^{***}$	$0.036{(0.002)}^{***}$
FY2011	$0.012{(0.002)}^{***}$	$0.047{(0.002)}^{***}$
FY2012	$0.010{(0.002)}^{***}$	$0.049{(0.002)}^{***}$
FY2013	$-0.010{(0.002)}^{***}$	$0.031{(0.002)}^{***}$
FY2014	$0.004(0.002)$	$0.045{(0.002)}^{***}$
FY2015	$0.002(0.002)$	$0.046{(0.002)}^{***}$
FY2016	$0.008{(0.002)}^{***}$	$0.053{(0.002)}^{***}$
FY2017	$0.013{(0.002)}^{***}$	$0.054{(0.002)}^{***}$
FY2018	$0.012{(0.002)}^{***}$	$0.052{(0.002)}^{***}$
FY2019	$0.012{(0.002)}^{***}$	$0.055{(0.002)}^{***}$
FY2020	$0.023{(0.002)}^{***}$	$0.063{(0.002)}^{***}$
FY2021	$0.026{(0.002)}^{***}$	$0.061{(0.002)}^{***}$
Unsolicited before 2010		$-0.003{(0.001)}^{***}$
Unsolicited after 2010		$-0.026{(0.001)}^{***}$
R01 Equivalent		$0.115{(0.001)}^{***}$
Clinical Trial		$0.040{(0.001)}^{***}$
Human Only		$0.030{(0.001)}^{***}$
Animal Only		$0.080{(0.001)}^{***}$
Both Human and Animal		$0.067{(0.001)}^{***}$
Research Organization		$0.056{(0.001)}^{***}$
Indepdent Hospital		$0.034{(0.001)}^{***}$
Other Organization		$0.029{(0.001)}^{***}$
Cooperative Agreement		$0.263{(0.001)}^{***}$
Program Grant		$0.741{(0.002)}^{***}$
R21 or R03		$-0.278{(0.001)}^{***}$
R2	0.006	0.471
Adj. R2	0.006	0.471
Num. obs.	827815	827815
${\displaystyle {}^{\ast \ast \ast }p<0.001}$; ${\displaystyle {}^{\ast \ast }p<0.01}$; ${\displaystyle {}^{\ast }p<0.05}$.

^∗∗∗p < 0.001;^∗∗p < 0.01;^∗p < 0.05.