Table 2.

Comparison of characteristics of patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and unaffected, age-matched women as controls (CTRL)

	GDM	CTRL	p-value
	n = 159	n = 318
Index pregnancy
Maternal age, y	29.8 ± 4.6	29.8 ± 4.6	0.944
Pregravid BMI, kg/m2	28.3 (23.9–34.7)	23.2 (20.8–25.9)	< 0.001
Gravidity, n	2 (1–3)	2 (1–3)	0.536
Parity, n	1 (1–2)	1 (1–2)	0.508
Gestational age at delivery, weeks	39 (38–40)	39 (38–40)	0.183
Umbilical artery pH	7.27 ± 0.073	7.28 ± 0.074	0.040
APGAR 5 min	10 (9–10)	10 (9–10)	0.085
Birth weight, g	3521 ± 479	3399 ± 525	0.014
Birth weight centile	56 (32–79)	48 (25–74)	0.007
NICU, n (%)	17 (10.7%)	16 (5.0)	0.034
Weight gain during pregnancy, kg	12 (8–17)	14 (11–19)	< 0.001
Excessive weight gain, n (%)	76 (48.4)	144 (45.3)	0.625
Caesarean section, n (%)	46 (28.9)	66 (20.8)	0.052

	GDM w/o recurrence	CTRL	p-value
	n = 44	n = 318
Subsequent pregnancy
Maternal age, y	32.9 ± 4.9	32.4 ± 4.6	0.499
Pregravid BMI (kg/m2)	26.6 (22.0–34.4)	23.7 (21.3–27.6)	0.006
Weight gain during pregnancy, kg	12.5 (8–16.8)	13.5 (10–18)	0.127
Interpregnancy weight gain, kg	1 (− 3 to 7)	2 (− 1 to 6)	0.555
Time between pregnancies, months	21.5 (11.3–27.8)	21 (12–30)	0.605
Gestational age at delivery, weeks	39 (38–40)	39 (38–40)	0.967
Umbilical artery (pH)	7.28 ± 0.078	7.29 ± 0.076	0.996
APGAR 5 min	10 (9–10)	10 (9–10)	0.299
Birth weight, g	3543 ± 680	3499 ± 608	0.659
Birth weight centile	67.5 (35–83.3)	58 (33.8–79.3)	0.550
NICU, n	2 (4.5)	19 (6.0)	0.761
Excessive weight gain, n (%)	18 (40.9)	141 (44.3)	0.747
Caesarean section, n (%)	10 (22.7%)	62 (19.5%)	0.687

Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation, median with interquartile range or with absolute and relative frequencies