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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Autism. 2022 Sep 4;27(4):916–926. doi: 10.1177/13623613221118430

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Sex stratified odds ratios for associations between maternal exposures and risk of specific ASD phenotypes.a,b Odds ratios (95% CI) for the associations between maternal obesity, diabetes, preeclampsia, and asthma exposure and risk of (1) no ASD with GIDs, (2) ASD no GIDs, and (3) ASD with GIDs in males and females, relative to children with no ASD no GIDs.

aAdjusted for birth year, maternal age, parity, maternal race/ethnicity, maternal educational qualifications, smoking in pregnancy, history of comorbidity, maternal mental health issue, the other three maternal pregnancy exposures, and income (per 10k).

bIn males, sample sizes were: No ASD no GIDs (N = 115,882), No ASD with GIDs (N = 38,139), ASD no GIDs (N = 2704), ASD with GIDs (N = 1455); in females: No ASD no GIDs (N = 111,491), No ASD with GIDs (N = 37,893), ASD no GIDs (N = 613), ASD with GIDs (N = 359).