Table 1.
Cohort characteristics by child’s ASD and GIDs status.a
| No ASD no GIDs N = 227,373 | No ASD with GIDs N = 76,032 | ASD no GIDs N = 3,317 | ASD with GIDs N = 1,814 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
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| Child characteristics | ||||
|
| ||||
| Male, N (%) | 115,882 (51%) | 38,139 (50%) | 2704 (82%) | 1455 (80%) |
| Gestational weeks at birth, median (IQR) | 39.0 (38.0, 40.0) | 39.0 (38.0, 40.0) | 39.0 (38.0, 40.0) | 39.0 (38.0, 40.0) |
|
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| Maternal characteristics | ||||
|
| ||||
| Maternal age at delivery (years), Median (IQR) Parity, N (%) | 30.3 (26.1, 34.2) | 30.2 (25.9, 34.3) | 31.1 (27.3, 35.0) | 31.1 (27.3, 35.2) |
| 0 | 76,931 (34%) | 31,769 (42%) | 1294 (39%) | 832 (46%) |
| 1 | 75,026 (33%) | 23,147 (30%) | 1094 (33%) | 553 (30%) |
| 2 | 63,074 (28%) | 16,090 (21%) | 698 (21%) | 284 (16%) |
| Unknown | 12,342 (5.4%) | 5026 (6.6%) | 231 (7.0%) | 145 (8.0%) |
| Maternal race/ethnicity, N (%) | ||||
| White | 56,173 (25%) | 16,140 (21%) | 702 (21%) | 383 (21%) |
| Black | 20,851 (9.2%) | 7081 (9.3%) | 314 (9.5%) | 176 (9.7%) |
| Hispanic | 114,858 (51%) | 43,593 (57%) | 1592 (48%) | 979 (54%) |
| Other | 4675 (2.1%) | 1319 (1.7%) | 90 (2.7%) | 38 (2.1%) |
| API | 30,816 (14%) | 7899 (10%) | 619 (19%) | 238 (13%) |
| Levels of maternal education, N (%) | ||||
| High school/unknown | 83,567 (37%) | 28,289 (37%) | 1026 (31%) | 559 (31%) |
| Some college | 66,427 (29%) | 23,159 (30%) | 1037 (31%) | 601 (33%) |
| College and post-graduate | 77,379 (34%) | 24,584 (32%) | 1254 (38%) | 654 (36%) |
| Census tract household annual income (US dollars), median (IQR) | 56,000 (41,607, 74,299) | 55,123 (40,947, 72,497) | 56,202 (42,247, 74,834) | 55,644 (42,597, 73,792) |
| Smoking during pregnancy, N (%) | ||||
| Yes | 4203 (1.8%) | 1663 (2.2%) | 78 (2.4%) | 41 (2.3%) |
| Mental health condition during pregnancy, N (%) | 14,779 (6.5%) | 7438 (9.8%) | 338 (10%) | 258 (14%) |
| History of comorbidity,b N (%) | ||||
| Yes | 28,122 (12%) | 12,747 (17%) | 496 (15%) | 368 (20%) |
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| Exposures during pregnancy | ||||
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| ||||
| Maternal obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2),c N (%) | ||||
| Yes | 34,365 (25%) | 14,300 (28%) | 681 (29%) | 449 (33%) |
| Maternal diabetes, N (%) | ||||
| Yes | 13,433 (5.9%) | 5462 (7.2%) | 291 (8.8%) | 190 (10%) |
| Preeclampsia/eclampsia, N (%) | ||||
| Yes | 8381 (3.7%) | 3704 (4.9%) | 161 (4.9%) | 131 (7.2%) |
| Maternal asthma, N (%) | ||||
| Yes | 14,168 (6.2%) | 6435 (8.5%) | 253 (7.6%) | 200 (11%) |
ASD: autism spectrum disorder; GIDs: gastrointestinal disturbances; IQR: interquartile range; BMI: body mass index; API: Asian/Pacific Islander.
a
All tests for difference in each characteristic among the four groups were statistically significant at p< 0.001.
b
Maternal comorbidity was defined as ≥ 1 diagnosis of heart, lung, kidney, liver disease, or cancer.
c
Proportions calculated with 118,299 unknown BMI cases excluded.