. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 May 1.

Published in final edited form as: Autism. 2022 Sep 4;27(4):916–926. doi: 10.1177/13623613221118430

Table 3.

Odds ratios (95% CI) for the associations between maternal exposures and risk of children with ASD and GIDs (N= 1814) relative to children with ASD no GIDs (N = 3317).^a.

	ASD with GIDs vs ASD no GIDs OR (95% Cl)

Single exposure^b
Obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²)	1.10 (0.95, 1.28)
Diabetes	1.19 (0.98, 1.45)
Preeclampsia	1.38 (1.09, 1.75)
Asthma	1.21 (0.96, 1.53)
Any exposure^c
Yes	1.21 (1.07, 1.38)

ASD: autism spectrum disorder; GIDs: gastrointestinal disturbances; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; BMI: body mass index.

Adjusted for birth year, maternal age, parity, maternal race/ethnicity, maternal educational qualifications, smoking in pregnancy, history of comorbidity, maternal mental health issue, income (per 10k), and child’s sex.

Not adjusted for the three other maternal pregnancy conditions exposures.

Any known exposure to maternal obesity, diabetes, preeclampsia, or asthma in utero.