Table 1.
Characteristics of the participants by dataset
| Train dataset | Validation dataset | Test dataset | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control | Bleed | p | Control | Bleed | p | Control | Bleed | p | |
| Number | 205 | 70 | 57 | 9 | 119 | 42 | |||
| Male (%) | 125 (61.0) | 40 (57.1) | 0.672 | 32 (56.1) | 7 (77.8) | 0.389 | 78 (65.5) | 17 (40.5) | 0.008 |
| Age (years) | 59.99 (14.06) | 61.77 (13.29) | 0.354 | 59.68 (12.12) | 58.00 (13.38) | 0.704 | 59.90 (13.47) | 64.45 (13.44) | 0.061 |
| Etiology of Cirrhosis, n (%) | 0.230 | 0.999 | 0.986 | ||||||
| HBV | 177 (86.3) | 61 (87.1) | 52 (91.2) | 9 (100.0) | 97 (81.5) | 35 (83.3) | |||
| HCV | 5 (2.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (4.2) | 2 (4.8) | |||
| Others | 23 (11.2) | 9 (12.9) | 5 (8.8) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (4.2) | 2 (4.8) | |||
| Ascites (%) | 62 (30.2) | 22 (31.4) | 0.972 | 16 (28.1) | 4 (44.4) | 0.546 | 26 (21.8) | 12 (28.6) | 0.502 |
| Hepatic encephalopathy (%) | 62 (30.2) | 22 (31.4) | 0.280 | 2 (3.5) | 2 (22.2) | 0.151 | 19 (16.0) | 8 (19.0) | 0.826 |
| Alcohol consumption | 11 (5.4) | 25 (35.7) | < 0.001 | 5 (8.8) | 3 (33.3) | 0.121 | 8 (6.7) | 10 (23.8) | 0.006 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 22.71 (3.45) | 23.27 (3.75) | 0.252 | 22.89 (3.27) | 24.12 (3.00) | 0.295 | 23.15 (3.12) | 22.92 (3.11) | 0.676 |
| Child–Pugh score | 7.00 [6.00, 9.00] | 8.00 [7.00, 10.00] | < 0.001 | 7.00 [6.00, 8.00] | 9.00 [8.00, 10.00] | 0.002 | 7.00 [6.00, 9.00] | 9.00 [8.00, 9.00] | < 0.001 |
| PLT (109/L) | 77.00 [51.00, 127.00] | 59.42 [28.93, 103.73] | 0.005 | 102.00 [48.00, 160.00] | 60.55 [43.68, 98.79] | 0.188 | 77.00 [54.50, 120.00] | 54.91 [26.28, 108.04] | 0.015 |
| TBIL (μmol/L) | 1.96 [1.12, 3.92] | 1.82 [1.15, 3.07] | 0.325 | 1.88 [1.16, 2.94] | 5.39 [2.37, 5.69] | 0.081 | 1.81 [1.23, 3.96] | 1.95 [1.40, 3.36] | 0.671 |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.75 [0.60, 0.96] | 0.77 [0.61, 1.01] | 0.593 | 0.69 [0.60, 0.89] | 0.79 [0.59, 0.99] | 0.472 | 0.74 [0.58, 0.87] | 0.66 [0.55, 0.85] | 0.405 |
| ALT (U/l) | 21.00 [13.58, 36.47] | 45.89 [41.80, 59.22] | < 0.001 | 23.17 [14.42, 31.71] | 47.92 [44.00, 87.19] | < 0.001 | 23.94 [15.15, 46.30] | 49.22 [41.20, 81.76] | < 0.001 |
| AST (U/l) | 30.87 [21.70, 51.03] | 54.85 [46.50, 71.09] | < 0.001 | 28.98 [20.79, 48.30] | 63.04 [47.57, 96.57] | 0.002 | 29.89 [23.45, 57.78] | 64.54 [52.92, 82.27] | < 0.001 |
| Albumin (g/l) | 29.80 [25.90, 33.80] | 27.35 [23.02, 31.70] | 0.005 | 29.70 [26.30, 34.60] | 30.10 [25.80, 38.50] | 0.709 | 29.80 [25.30, 33.70] | 27.00 [22.88, 29.35] | 0.001 |
| HDL-C (mg/dl) | 37.50 [27.09, 44.51] | 35.57 [27.41, 40.90] | 0.250 | 38.46 [33.28, 42.38] | 24.32 [21.22, 39.10] | 0.071 | 35.99 [24.92, 43.65] | 33.87 [25.23, 38.52] | 0.185 |
| PT (s) | 14.50 [13.00, 17.50] | 17.96 [15.50, 19.72] | < 0.001 | 14.30 [13.10, 15.80] | 17.82 [16.60, 20.38] | < 0.001 | 15.00 [13.50, 17.15] | 17.52 [16.28, 19.78] | < 0.001 |
| INR | 1.02 [0.87, 1.29] | 1.27 [1.10, 1.43] | < 0.001 | 0.96 [0.88, 1.10] | 1.25 [1.24, 1.50] | < 0.001 | 1.05 [0.91, 1.23] | 1.25 [1.10, 1.41] | < 0.001 |
| MELD score | 9.16 [5.16, 14.27] | 13.87 [10.19, 19.53] | < 0.001 | 7.09 [4.11, 10.17] | 20.09 [12.58, 23.01] | 0.001 | 9.76 [5.83, 13.13] | 13.81 [8.80, 17.52] | 0.001 |
| FIB-4 | 5.70 [3.18, 9.23] | 8.17 [4.82, 14.74] | < 0.001 | 4.76 [2.78, 7.79] | 11.57 [4.99, 13.32] | 0.051 | 5.64 [3.29, 9.11] | 9.44 [5.64, 22.67] | < 0.001 |
| APRI | 0.89 [0.46, 1.62] | 1.94 [1.10, 3.76] | < 0.001 | 0.88 [0.41, 1.32] | 2.18 [1.40, 5.53] | 0.005 | 1.00 [0.47, 1.93] | 2.51 [1.40, 5.49] | < 0.001 |
Classificational variables were presented as number (percentage). Normally distributed variables were presented as mean (standard deviation); variables with a skewed distribution were presented as median value (interquartile range). Etiology of cirrhosis (others) includes fatty liver diseases, autoimmune hepatic diseases, schistosomiasis, and etc.
APRI AST to Platelet Ratio Index, ALT alanine transaminase, AST aspartate aminotransferase, FIB-4 fibrosis 4 score, HBV hepatitis B virus, HCV hepatitis C virus, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, INR international normalized ratio, MELD model for end-stage liver disease, PLT platelet count, PT prothrombin time, TBIL total bilirubin