Table 4.
MNs for cardiac repair.
| Materials | Structure | Bioactive substances | Mechanisms | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PVA | Arrays: 20 × 20 Height: 600 μm Shape: conical Strength: 2 N/needle |
Cardiac stromal cells | Serving as the channels to allow for communication between the patch and the host myocardium, and transport nutrients and cytokines. | [159] |
| Needle: Elastin-like peptide Base: HA |
Arrays:- Height: 600 μm Shape: conical Strength: |
Mesenchymal stromal cell-secreted factors | The base was detached once MNs contacted the pleural fluid; Hydrogel tips in the myocardium allowed for continuous release of cytokines. |
[160] |
| PVA | Arrays: 44.75 ± 1.28 needles Height: 850 μm Shape: conical Strength: Young's modulus of 12.28 ± 0.80 MPa |
Adeno-associated virus | Achieving homogeneous distribution of adeno-associated virus delivery. | [161] |
| GelMA | Arrays:- Height:- Shape: pyramidal Strength:- |
Carbon nanotube, cardiomyocytes | Adhering to the heart and released the encapsulated drugs; Ensuring the simultaneous contraction of cardiomyocytes distributed on the patch, made these cells to keep synergies with the heart in vivo. |
[162] |
| PVA | Arrays: 11 × 11 Height: 600 μm Shape: conical Strength: puncture force of 4.7 N |
VEGF, graphene oxide | Folded MNs could be implanted minimally invasively and could pierce the myocardium and wrap the heart when fully expanded under NIR irradiation; Sustained release of VEGF. |
[163] |
| GelMA | Arrays: 385 needles Height: 570 μm Shape: conical Strength: 0.4 N/needle |
Galunisertib | Sustainably released galunisertib for more than 2 weeks and provided mechanical support. | [164] |