Table 1.
Examples of cognitive, metacognitive, behavioral, and emotional engagement
| Category | Subcategories | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Cognitive engagement | Remembering | “Xiao Zhang: I remember that image extraction includes creating selection and image stitching.” |
| Understanding | “Xiao Li: Creating a selection is the first step for image extraction based on my understanding.” | |
| Applying | “Xiao Wang: Yes. We can apply different methods to create a selection for our poster, such as using the lasso, using the wand, using the magnetic lasso, and so on.” | |
| Evaluating | “Xiao Zhang: I prefer using the magnetic lasso to create a selection because it is very precise.” | |
| Off-topic | “Xiao Li: I will go out to pick up a cup of water and come back soon.” | |
| Metacognitive engagement | Planning | “Xiao Wang: Hello, everyone, there are many topics, such as fighting the COVID-19 epidemic, various kinds of festivals, 24 solar terms in China, popular films, and so on.” |
| Monitoring | “Xiao Zhang: We should speed up to confirm the topic of our poster. Time flies.” | |
| Reflection and evaluation | “Xiao Li: I think the topic of fighting the COVID-19 epidemic is suitable for the current situation. This topic is better than others.” | |
| Off-topic | “Xiao Wang: I want to see a film after the discussion.” | |
| Behavioral engagement | Knowledge-building | “Xiao Wang: Image adjustment includes saturation adjustment, brightness adjustment, transformation, and so on.” |
| Regulation | “XiaoLi: We can adjust images first. Then, Xiao Zhang helps with image beautification.” | |
| Support and agreement | “Xiao Wang: I agree with you. Good idea.” | |
| Asking questions | “Xiao Zhang: However, how can we beautify images? Do you have any ideas about it?” | |
| Off-topic | “Xiao Wang: I don’t know. I want to go shopping this afternoon.” | |
| Emotional engagement | Positive | “Xiao Zhang: I think it is a good idea to refine our poster by adding a filter.” |
| Negative | “Xiao Li: Sorry, I have no idea at this moment.” | |
| Neutral | “Xiao Wang: There are many kinds of filters, such as the fresco filter, Gaussian blur filter, motion blur filter, and so on.” |