Table 3.

The rules of group-specific feedback and recommendations

Conditions	Group-specific feedback and recommendations
Lower than average level of cognitive engagement	According to the analysis results, there was a lack of cognitive engagement in your group. It is suggested that your group have a better understanding of collaborative learning tasks and apply what you have learned to make and evaluate posters when you complete the task. You can do it!
Equal to average level of cognitive engagement	According to the analysis results, your group demonstrated a medium level of cognitive engagement. It is suggested that your group continually apply what you have learned as you make posters, reflect and evaluate how to further refine posters. You can do it!
Higher than average level of cognitive engagement	According to the analysis results, it was found that your group demonstrated a high level of cognitive engagement. Well done! Keep going!
Lower than average level of metacognitive engagement	1. According to the analysis results, it was found that there is a lack of metacognitive engagement in your group. It is suggested that your group set goals, make plans, assign different roles, and select appropriate strategies to complete the tasks. It is recommended that your group further monitor its collaborative learning progress and detect errors or check reliability. In addition, each group member should reflect and evaluate how to further revise and refine the poster. You can do it! 2. Your group can refer to the recommended learning resources on how to make posters and examples of excellent posters to make plans, monitor, and reflect further.
Equal to average level of metacognitive engagement	1. According to the analysis results, it was found that your group can do better in terms of metacognitive engagement. It is suggested that your group set particular goals and make further detailed plans. It is suggested that your group monitor and control as well as further reflect on and evaluate the collaborative learning progress. If there is only partial understanding or a comprehension failure, you can clearly address and discuss this together. You can do it! 2. Your group can refer to the recommended learning resources to monitor, evaluate and further reflect on collaborative learning processes and outcomes.
Higher than average level of metacognitive engagement	According to the analysis results, your group demonstrated a high level of metacognitive engagement. Well done! Keep going!
Lower than average level of off-topic behavioral engagement	According to the analysis results, your group is concentrating on completing collaborative learning tasks. Keep going! You can do it!
Equal to average level of off-topic behavioral engagement	According to the analysis results, there is off-topic discussion in your group. Don’t get off-topic. Please focus on the collaborative learning tasks. You can do it!
Higher than average level of off-topic behavioral engagement	According to the analysis results, there is much off-topic discussion in your group. Don’t discuss anything irrelevant to collaborative learning tasks. Each group member should concentrate on the collaborative learning tasks. The monitor should remind group members in a timely way if there is off-topic discussion. You can do it!
Lower than average level of behavioral engagement	1. According to the analysis results, your group demonstrated a low level of behavioral engagement. It is suggested that the group leader engage each member in building knowledge, regulating, supporting peers, and asking questions. It is recommended that the group solve problems from different perspectives and co-construct knowledge. 2. Your group can refer to the recommended learning resources to complete collaborative learning tasks together.
Equal to average level of behavioral engagement	1. According to the analysis results, your group demonstrated a medium level of behavioral engagement. It is suggested that your group engage more effectively in knowledge building, negotiations and regulations, support and agreement, and propose new questions. 2. Your group can refer to the recommended learning resources to further engage in collaborative learning.
Higher than average level of behavioral engagement	According to the analysis results, your group demonstrated the highest level of behavioral engagement. Well done! Keep going!
Lower than average level of negative emotion regarding emotional engagement	According to the analysis results, the discussion atmosphere of your group is hot! Your group demonstrated positive emotions. There is little negative emotion. Keep going! You can do it!
Equal to average level of negative emotion regarding emotional engagement	According to the analysis results, your group demonstrated a medium level of negative emotions during collaborative learning. It is suggested that all group members regulate themselves towards becoming more positive and active. It is suggested that each group member share positive ideas with peers. You can do it!
Higher than average level of negative emotion regarding emotional engagement	According to the analysis results, your group demonstrated many negative emotions during collaborative learning. It is suggested that the group leader pay attention to the emotions of each group member and motivate each member to be more positive. Group members can discuss with peers when they have difficulties. You are the best. Don’t be sad or worried. Take it easy. You can do it!
Lower than average level of positive emotional engagement	According to the analysis results, your group demonstrated less positive emotion during collaborative learning. It is suggested that group members discuss with peers when they have problems. Don’t be sad or worried. All group members should regulate their emotions and become more positive and active. Take it easy. You can do it!
Equal to average level of positive emotional engagement	According to the analysis results, your group demonstrated a medium level of positive emotional engagement. It is suggested that each group member regulate himself or herself to become more positive and active. The group leader should pay attention to each member’s emotions and encourage everyone to be more positive. Take it easy. You can do it!
Higher than average level of positive emotional engagement	According to the analysis results, your group demonstrated a high level of positive emotional engagement during collaborative learning. Well done! Keep going!
Lower than average level of social engagement	According to the analysis results, your group needs to further enhance social engagement. It is suggested that each group member interact with other members to complete collaborative learning tasks. In addition, each group member should build on peers’ ideas, ask peers questions, or provide suggestions for peers. You can do it!
Equal to average level of social engagement	According to the analysis results, your group can achieve a better level of social engagement. It is suggested that each group member interact with other members to complete collaborative learning tasks. In addition, each group member should build on peers’ ideas, ask peers questions, or provide suggestions for peers. You can do it!
Higher than average level of social engagement	According to the analysis results, your group demonstrated a high level of social engagement during collaborative learning. Keep going! You can do it!