. 2023 Feb 17;9(3):e13810. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13810

Table 3.

Activity of compounds isolated from plants against phytopathogenic fungi of fruits, vegetable, and cereals.

Plant species (part used)	Fungi species (disease caused)	Efficacy observed	References
Efficacy against pathogenic fungi of fruits and vegetables
• Curcuma longa (roots)	• Podosphaera xanthii (cucumber powdery mildew)	• The EC₅₀ value of (+)-(S)-ar-turmerone (1) isolated from petroleum ether fraction of ethanol extract was found to be 28.7 μg/mL and the compound was proved to have a curative effect in in vivo (greenhouse) assay.	[56]
• Caryodaphnopsis baviensis (leaves and stems)	• Alternaria porri (purple blotch diseases of Allium plants)	• Magnolol (2), a neolignan compound isolated from n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions of methanol extract showed a significant inhibitory activity against the spore germination and mycelial growth of A. porri with IC₅₀ values of 4.5 and 5.4 μg/mL, respectively in in vitro assay. • When magnolol was sprayed onto onion plants at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, it showed more than 80% disease control efficacy for the purple blotch diseases in in vivo (greenhouse) assay.	[57]
• Trevesia palmata (aerial parts)	• Alternaria porri • B. cinerea • C. coccodes • F. oxysporum • P. infestans (tomato and pepper diseases)	⁃ In an in vitro assay, disease control values against tomato gray mold, and tomato late blight were 82 and 88 respectively when the plants were treated with hederagenin-3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-l-arabinopyranoside (3) (500 μg/mL), a triterpene glycoside isolated from n-butanol and ethyl acetate fractions of methanol extract obtained by reflux.	[58]
• Corydalis ternata (tubers)	• Botrytis cinerea (tomato gray mold) • Phytophthora infestans (tomato late blight) • Colletotrichum coccodes (pepper anthracnose)	• Isoquinoline alkaloids (dehydrocorydaline (8), stylopine (9), and corydaline (10)) isolated from chloroform fraction of methanol extract exhibited in vivo antifungal activity against C. coccodes.	[59]
• Coptis japonica (roots)	• Botrytis cinerea • Phytophthora infestans • Rhizoctonia solani (cucumber gray mold, tomato late blight)	• Berberine chloride (11), an isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from chloroform fraction of methanol extract had an apparent LC₅₀ value of approximately 190 mg/L against B. cinerea in in vivo assay. • Coptisine chloride (13), another isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from butanol fraction of methanol extract had an LC₅₀ value of 210 mg/L against B. cinerea.	[60]
• Myristica fragrans (seeds)	• Alternaria alternata • Colletotrichum coccodes • C. gloeosporioides (tomato gray mold and tomato late blight).	• In in vitro assay, the listed fungi were relatively sensitive to erythro-austrobailignan-6 (14), meso-dihydroguaiaretic acid (15) and nectandrin-B (16), lignans isolated from ethyl acetate and n-butanol combined fractions of methanol extract with varied activity. • Nectandrin-B was highly active against the development of tomato late blight.	[61]
Efficacy against pathogenic fungi of cereals
• Combretum erythrophyllum (leaves) • Withania somnifera (leaves)	• Fusarium oxysporum • F. verticilloides • F. subglutinans • F. proliferatum • F. solani • F. graminearum • F. semitectum • F. chlamydosporum (maize disease)	• In in vitro assay, compounds isolated from acetone and ethyl acetate extracts (5-hydroxy-7,4′-dimethoxyflavone (17) maslinic acid (18) and withaferin A (19)) showed good antifungal activity with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) less than 1.0 mg/mL against one or more of the tested Fusarium pathogens.	[62]
• Drimys winteri (barks)	• Gaeumannomyces graminis var.tritici (take-all disease of the roots of cereals such as wheat).	• In in vitro assay, drimane sesquiterpenoids isolated from ethyl acetate extract obtained by maceration (drimenin (20), drimenol (21), polygodial (22), isodrimeninol (23), valdiviolide (24) and drimendiol (25)) showed high antifungal activity against the fungus. • Polygodial and isodrimeninol were the more effective with an activity of LC₅₀ between 7 and 10 μg/L and higher fungal lipid peroxidation.	[63]
• Trevesia palmata (aerial parts)	• B. graminis f. sp. hordei • M. oryzae (wheat, rice and barley diseases)	• An in vitro antifungal bioassay revealed that except for ilekudinoside D (7) with IC₅₀ > 256 μg/mL, compounds isolated from n-butanol and ethyl acetate fractions of methanol extract obtained by reflux including hederagenin-3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-l-arabinopyranoside (3), 3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl asiatic acid (4), macranthoside A (5), and α-hederin (6) exhibited strong antifungal activities against M. oryzae with IC₅₀ values ranging from 2 to 5 μg/mL. • In particular, when the plants were treated with compound 3 (500 μg/mL), disease control values against rice blast and wheat leaf rust were 84 and 70%, respectively.	[58].
• Corydalis ternata (tubers)	• Puccinia triticina (wheat leaf rust) • Blumeria graminis f.sp.hordei (barley powdery mildew)	• The isoquinoline alkaloids isolated from chloroform fraction of methanol extract (dehydrocorydaline (8), stylopine (9), and corydaline (10)) exhibited in vivo antifungal activity against P. triticina.	[59]
• Coptis japonica (roots)	• Erysiphe graminis • Phytophthora infestans • Puccinia recondite • Pyricularia grisea (rice blast, rice sheath blight, wheat leaf rust, and barley powdery mildew)	• Berberine chloride (11) had an apparent LC₅₀ value of approximately 80, and 50 mg/L against E. graminis, and P. recondita, respectively in in vivo assay. • Coptisine chloride (13) had an LC₅₀ value of 20, 180, and 290 mg/L against E. graminis, P. recondita, and P. grisea, respectively. • Palmatine iodide (12) had an LC₅₀ value of 160 mg/L against P. grisea.	[60]
• Myristica fragrans (seeds)	• Magnaporthe grisea • Agrobacterium tumefaciens • Acidovorax konjaci • Burkholderia glumae (rice blast, rice sheath blight, wheat leaf rust and barley powdery mildew).	• In in vitro assay, the listed fungi were relatively sensitive to isolated lignans (erythro-austrobailignan-6 (14), meso-dihydroguaiaretic acid (15) and nectandrin-B (16)) with varied activity. • In in vivo assay, all three compounds effectively suppressed the development of rice blast and wheat leaf rust. • Compound 14 was highly active against the development of barley powdery mildew. • Both 15 and 16 also moderately inhibited the development of rice sheath blight.	[61]