Table 4.

Plant products commercialized as effective fungicides for controlling plant diseases.

Trade names	Descriptions on botanical sources, uses, efficacy, application method and mechanism of action	References
•Regalia® (formerly formulated as Milsana®)	•Botanical source: Reynoutria sachalinensis •Uses: Used to control powdery mildew of cucurbits, downy mildew of lettuce (Bremia lactucae), Botrytis of grapes and strawberries, bacterial spot of tomatoes and peppers (Xanthomonas campestrispv vesicatoria), Cercospora on soybeans (Cercospora kikuchii) and bacterial canker on citrus (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri), amongst others. •Efficacy: Extensive tests have been conducted in the laboratory, glasshouse and field on multiple crop-disease systems to evaluate its efficacy for disease control. Test results demonstrated the efficacy of Regalia® applied as a foliar spray in controlling a wide range of fungal and bacterial diseases mentioned above. •Application methods: Multiple delivery methods can be used, such as seed treatment, soil drenches, irrigation applications, and dipping seedlings prior to transplanting. •Mechanism of action: Induces plant resistance: increases the activity of chalcone synthase and chalcone isomerase in the phenylpropanoid pathway and induces the production and accumulation of phytoalexins. Simple phenolic compounds, which are fungitoxic, also accumulate. It increases the papillae formation at pathogen penetration sites as well as the liginification of plant cell walls. Activities of pathogenesis-related protein (PR-proteins) such as chitinase, glucanase, and peroxidase are also increased.	[64]
•EcoSwing®	•Botanical source: Swinglea glutinosa •Application method: Applied in a regularly scheduled preventative spray program. Ground applications, aerial applications, chemigation applications are possible. •Mechanism of action: It has a unique mode of action, 0-day pre-harvest interval, and exemption from tolerances, making it an essential tool in any integrated pest management (IPM) program. EcoSwing has a multi-site mode of action, and may be used to delay or prevent the development of resistance to single site fungicides.	[65]
•Timorex Gold®	•Botanical source: Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) •Efficacy: Effective against a broad spectrum of ascomycete and bacterial plant diseases like powdery mildew, early blight, Botrytis and more, in a wide range of vegetable and fruit crops. Used for a wide variety of high value fruit and vegetable crops, including grapes, leafy vegetables, fruiting vegetables, berries, vines, tree nuts, tropicals and cucurbits. •Application method: Ground and drench applications •Mechanism of action: Multiple modes of actions that disrupt the fungal cell membrane and destroy the cell walls. Impacts the plant's defense processes, reducing the energy required to build its defense response. When a plant is attacked by disease, it activates its immune system, building crystalline structures inside cell walls. When Timorex Gold® is used, an attacked plant can divert energy to growth and yield instead of defense processes.	[66]
•Fracture®	•Botanical source: Cotyledons of lupine plants •Uses: A broad-spectrum, biological fungicide labeled for the prevention and control of powdery mildew, botrytis and brown rot blossom blight on almonds, grapes, strawberries and tomatoes. •Application method: Foliar applications •Mechanism of action: It works on contact by deforming and inhibiting fungal cell production, ultimately tearing apart the cell wall and disrupting the fungal cell membrane.	[67]
•Sporan® EC2	•Botanical source: Rosemary, Clove, Thyme, and Peppermint •Uses: It controls diseases such as Botrytis gray mold of strawberries, powdery mildews of grapes andgerbera daisies, Phytophthora late blight of tomatoes, etc. •Application method: Foliar spray (aerial applications) •Mechanism of action: Destroys pathogen cell walls, interferes with fungus attaching to plant.	[68]
•Thyme Guard®	•Botanical source: Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) •Uses: Used for controlling Botrytis, Fusarium, powdery mildew, downy mildew, citrus canker, citrus greening-HLB, fire blight, and many others. •Application method: Aerial application •Mechanism of action: With plant pathogens, it attacks and breaches their cellular membranes, causing their death.	[69]