Table 3.
Daily energy and nutrient intake of participants based on sarcopenia and central obesity status
| Healthy control | Central obesity | p value | Sarcopenia | Sarcopenic obesity | p value | p valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total daily intake | |||||||
| Energy (kcal/day)b | 1676.8 ± 22.6 | 1669.9 ± 29.8 | 0.860 | 1525.3 ± 25.3 | 1557.7 ± 47.7 | 0.587 | < 0.001 |
| Carbohydrate (g/day)c | 301.0 ± 2.1 | 295.7 ± 2.7 | 0.087 | 294.5 ± 2.9 | 292.5 ± 5.4 | 0.783 | 0.138 |
| Protein (g/day)c | 52.0 ± 0.6 | 53.0 ± 0.7 | 0.208 | 52.2 ± 0.8 | 51.1 ± 1.4 | 0.460 | 0.500 |
| Fat (g/day)c | 20.5 ± 0.6 | 22.8 ± 0.7 | 0.004 | 21.3 ± 0.6 | 20.9 ± 1.2 | 0.685 | 0.036 |
| Percentage of energy from macronutrients | |||||||
| Percentage energy from carbohydrate (%)c | 76.4 ± 0.3 | 75.0 ± 0.5 | 0.004 | 75.5 ± 0.4 | 75.7 ± 0.9 | 0.888 | 0.025 |
| Percentage energy from protein (%)c | 12.8 ± 0.1 | 13.0 ± 0.2 | 0.240 | 13.0 ± 0.1 | 12.8 ± 0.3 | 0.577 | 0.516 |
| Percentage energy from fat (%)c | 10.8 ± 0.3 | 12.0 ± 0.4 | 0.002 | 11.5 ± 0.2 | 11.5 ± 0.7 | 0.939 | 0.015 |
| Intake of key nutrients compared to KDRIs | |||||||
| Percentage of energy intake to EER (%)b | 95.2 ± 1.3 | 95.2 ± 1.8 | 0.965 | 86.8 ± 1.4 | 88.6 ± 2.8 | 0.540 | < 0.001 |
| Level of energy intake | 0.454 | 0.568 | < 0.001 | ||||
| < EER | 695 (59.1) | 522 (61.3) | 574 (70.7) | 94 (67.9) | |||
| ≥ EER | 472 (40.9) | 336 (38.7) | 240 (29.3) | 38 (32.1) | |||
| Percentage of protein intake to RNI (%)c | 93.6 ± 1.0 | 96.0 ± 1.3 | 0.097 | 94.1 ± 1.4 | 92.0 ± 2.6 | 0.519 | 0.307 |
| Level of protein intake | 0.747 | 0.160 | 0.002 | ||||
| < EAR | 499 (42.8) | 338 (41.8) | 407 (50.3) | 77 (57.9) | |||
| ≥ EAR | 668 (57.2) | 520 (58.2) | 407 (49.7) | 55 (42.1) | |||
| Different levels of energy and protein intake | 0.441 | 0.201 | < 0.001 | ||||
| Energy intake ≥ EER, protein intake ≥ EAR | 438 (38.1) | 320 (37.1) | 212 (25.9) | 35 (28.5) | |||
| Energy intake ≥ EER, protein intake < EAR | 34 (2.8) | 16 (1.6) | 28 (3.4) | 3 (3.6) | |||
| Energy intake < EER, protein intake ≥ EAR | 230 (19.1) | 200 (21.1) | 195 (23.8) | 20 (13.6) | |||
| Energy intake < EER, protein intake < EAR | 465 (40.0) | 322 (40.2) | 379 (46.9) | 74 (54.3) | |||
Abbreviation: KDRIs, Korean dietary reference intakes; EER, estimated energy requirement; RNI, recommended nutrient intake; EAR, estimated average requirement
All data analyses conducted in the present study were based on weighted estimates with sample weight provided by KNHANES
Continuous variables are presented as mean ± standard error, and categorical variables are presented as n (%)
a Indicates statistical significance between the four groups
b Adjusted for age and sex
c Adjusted for age, sex, and total energy intake (continuous)