Table 2.

Summary table of potential novel clinical biomarkers

Name	Major mechanism	Change	References
Irisin	1) Increasing insulin sensitivity 2) Inhibiting autophagy via the PI3K/Akt pathway 3) Inhibiting HG-induced oxidative stress via AMPK/rapamycin signaling pathway 4) Reducing oxidative & nitrosative stress via integrin αVβ5/AKT signaling	Up	[28–30, 32]
IGFBP7	Regulating apoptosis, proliferation, and fibrosis	Up	[33]
TGF-β	Inhibiting collagen production and deposition through Smad signaling pathway	Up	[38–42]
Activin A	Inhibiting insulin action through Akt pathway	Up	[43]
GRK2	improving cardiac function by restoring circulating Treg cell populations via targeting of the GRK2-PI3K-Akt pathway	Up	[57, 58]
hFABP	IR and glucose uptake	Up	[85]
CT-1	Cardiac fibrosis, ROS Cardiac hypertension	Up	[113] [148]
Gal-3	Promoting cardiac fibrosis and inflammation through TGF-β and Hippo pathways	Up	[92, 93]

CT-1, Cardiotrophin-1; Gal-3, galactin-3; GRK2, G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2; hFABP, heart-type fatty acid binding protein; HG, high glucose; IGFBP7, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; TGF-β,transforming growth factor-β