Table 2.
Study characteristics of the ten critically appraised studies
| Author and year | Study design | Level of evidence (Oxford) [38] | Sample size | Sample size characteristics | Context | VR definition | Outcome of interest |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cano Porras et al. 2019 [44] | Retrospective Cohort Study | Level 3 | n = 167 |
Males = 99 Females = 63 Mean Age = 63.8 |
Centre of Advanced Technologies in Rehabilitation (CATR) at the Sheba Medical Centre | Semi-Immersive |
10 Metre Walk Test Timed Up and Go Four Square Step Test Berg Balance Scale Mini Balance Evaluation Test |
| Cuthbert et al. 2014 [45] | Randomized Controlled Trial | Level 2 | n = 20 |
Males = 13 Females = 7 Median Age = 31.0 |
Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility | Non-Immersive |
Berg Balance Scale Functional Gait Assessment |
| De Luca et al. 2019 [46] | Case Report | Level 4 | n = 1 |
Male Age = 15 |
Supervised Clinical Setting | Semi-Immersive |
Tinetti’s Mobility Test Tinetti's Balance Test Functional Independence Measure—Motor Abilities |
| Gottshall & Sessoms, 2015 [47] | Case Report | Level 4 | n = 1 |
Male Age = 41 |
Naval Health Research Center (NHRC) | Semi-Immersive |
Dizziness Handicap Inventory Sensory Organisation Test Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale Functional Gait Assessment |
| Gottshall, Sessoms and Bartlett 2012 [48] | Quasi-Experimental Design | Level 2 | n = 4 | Not Specified | Naval Health Research Center (NHRC) Warfighter Performance Laboratory | Semi-Immersive |
Sensory Organisation Test Functional Gait Assessment Dizziness Handicap Inventory Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale |
| Lubetzky et al. 2020 [20] | Quasi-Experimental Design | Level 2 | n = 15 |
Males = 10 Females = 5 Mean Age = 38.0 |
Vestibular Rehabilitation Clinic | Immersive |
Visual Vertigo Analogue Scale Dizziness Handicap Inventory Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale Eight Foot Up and Go Four-Square Step Test |
| Rábago and Wilken 2011 [49] | Case Report | Level 4 | n = 1 |
Male Age = 31 |
Military Performance Laboratory | Semi-Immersive |
Single Leg Stance Test Step Variability |
| Sessoms et al. 2015 [50] | Randomised Control Trial | Level 2 | n = 24 |
Gender Not Specified Mean Age = 29.7 |
Naval Medical Center San Diego (NMCSD) | Semi-Immersive |
CAREN Specific Outcome Measures - Self Selected Walking Speed - Boat Steering Task Score |
| Sessoms et al. 2021 [4] | Randomised Control Trial | Level 2 | n = 25 |
Gender Not Specified Mean Age = 30.4 |
Military Medical Centre | Semi-Immersive |
Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale Dizziness Handicap Inventory Sensory Organisation Test Functional Gait Assessment |
| Ustinova et al. 2014 [51] | Quasi-Experimental Design | Level 2 | n = 15 |
Males = 10 Females = 5 Mean Age = 30.6 |
Supervised Clinical Setting | Non-Immersive |
Berg Balance Scale Functional Gait Assessment Test Functional Reach Test |