Table 4. Intervention results for rehabilitation.
* Data brackets in outcome scores indicate 95% confidence intervals.
** The presentation of results in indicates the change from baseline, but if not mentioned in the original paper, it is presented as Baseline and Final F/U.
*** KOOS scores at five years and change from baseline to five years for the full analysis set.
**** KOOS Pain, function in ADL, and Tegner were not entered as no significant differences were reported.
ADL: activities of daily living; QOL: quality of life; CID: clinically important difference; MIC: minimal important change; VAS: visual analog scale; F/U: follow-up; MD: mean difference; IKDC: International Knee Documentation Committee; KOOS4: knee osteoarthritis outcome score (pain, symptoms, function in sports and recreation, and quality of life); KOOS: knee osteoarthritis outcome score; WOMAC: Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index; SF-36: 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey; ROM: range of motion; PSFS: patient-specific functional scale; EQ-VAS: EuroQol visual analog scale; Sport/Rec: sport/recreation; EQ-5D: EuroQol 5 dimensions; NRS: numeric rating scale; AROM: active range of motion; OLH: one-leg hop for distance; 6MTH: 6-meter timed hop; AAE: adapting alignment exercise; MTE: muscle training and exercise; TAS: Tegner activity scale
| Author, year | Intervention duration | Follow-up duration | Change from baseline*; final follow-up data are indicated** | Cut-offs/CID/MIC | ||
| Pain/symptoms | Physical function | ADL/QOL | ||||
| Graaf et al., 2018 [13] | 8 weeks | 3, 6, 12, and 24 months | VAS during weight-bearing; baseline: 59.3 mm, final F/U: 25.5 mm (MD, 32.5 mm [26.7–38.3]) | IKDC knee function score; baseline: 46.5 points, final F/U: 67.7 points (MD, 20.4 points [17.5–23.2]) | Not reported | Not reported |
| Berg et al., 2020 [16] | 12 weeks | 3 and 12 months, 2 and 5 years | KOOS***; Pain: 21.3 points (17.4–25.2), symptoms: 13.2 points (9.3–17.2) | Not reported | KOOS***; ADL, 14.6 points (11.5–17.8); Sport/Rec, 29.0 points (22.9–35.1); QOL, 30.7 points (25.5–36.0); | Not reported |
| Kise et al., 2019 [23] | 12 weeks | 2 years | KOOS; MD symptoms: a 1-s better hop test result was associated with better KOOS symptoms at 2.6 points (0.2–4.9 points) | Not reported | KOOS; MD Sport/Rec: a 1-s better hop test result was associated with better KOOS Sport/Rec score of 5.5 points (2.1–9.0 points), and QOL score of 4.2 points (0.7–7.7 points) | Not reported |
| Kise et al., 2016 [24] | 12 weeks | 3, 12, and 24 months | Not reported | Not reported | KOOS4; 25.3 points (21.6–29.0) | KOOS cut-offs; total: 10.1 points, pain: 7.4 points, symptoms: 8.4 points, function in sport and recreation: 10.9 points, ADL: 4.1 points, QOL: 13.6 points |
| Ahn et al., 2015 [25] | Not reported | 18.40 ± 4.64 months | Not reported | Not reported | IKDC subjective score: 44.7±12.8 to 45.9±14.0 (P=0.633); Tegner and Lysholm activity scale: 51.6±23.1 to 51.2±22.7 (P=0.932) | Not reported |
| Lim et al., 2010 [26] | 8–12 weeks | 6 and 12 months, final F/U at 36 months (24–51 months) | VAS; Baseline: 71 ± 15 mm, final F/U: 31 ± 13 mm | Lysholm knee score; baseline: 67.0 (40.0–78.0), final F/U: 80.0 (72.0–96.0) | Not reported | Not reported |
| Yim et al., 2013 [27] | 8 weeks | 3 and 6 months, 1 and 2 years | VAS; Baseline: 49 mm, final F/U: 17 mm | Lysholm knee score; Baseline: 65.2, final F/U, 84.3 | TAS score; Baseline: 4.1 (0.0–6.0), final F/U: 4.9 (0.0–8.0) | Not reported |
| Noorduyn et al., 2020 [28] | 8 weeks | 3, 6, 12, and 24 months | Not reported | PSFS score; MD 4.0 ± 3.1 points (6.7 ± 2.0 to 2.7 ± 2.5) | Not reported | MIC of PSFS: 2.5 points |
| Ikuta et al., 2020 [29] | 6 months | 6 months | VAS; AAE: -27.0 mm (-42.0–-11.9; p = 0.004) KOOS****; symptoms: MTE 15.7 points (6.4–24.9; p = 0.001) | Not reported | KOOS****; Sport/Rec: MTE, 16.5 (5.1–27.9; p = 0.001); AAE 26.2 (16.9–35.4; p = 0.005) KOOS****; QOL AAE, 19.2 (9.5–29.0; p < 0.009) | Not reported |
| Kudo et al., 2013 [30] | 12 weeks | 3 months | Not reported | Flexion contracture; group: ≥6 points 19 (54.3) %, ≤6 points 20 (43.5) %, home: ≥6 points 25 (30.9) %, ≤6 points 17 (41.5) % Quadriceps strength; group: ≥6 points 1.53 ± 0.51 Nm/kg, ≤6 points 1.29 ± 0.49 Nm/kg, home: ≥6 points 1.38 ± 0.52 Nm/kg, ≤6 points 1.38 ± 0.48 Nm/kg | Not reported | Not reported |
| Stensrud et al., 2015 [31] | 12 weeks | 3 months | Not reported | Muscle strength; isokinetic knee extension peak torque: 25.2 Nm (17.8–32.6; p < 0.05), isokinetic knee extension total work: 76.4 J (40.4–112.4), Isokinetic knee flexion peak torque: 12.7 Nm (7.7–17.8), isokinetic knee flexion total work: 64.4 J (25.2–103.5) OLH: 7.9 (3.2–12.6), 6MTH: 0.4 (0.1–0.6), knee-bending at 30 seconds 11.2 (8.5–13.8) | Not reported | Not reported |
| Neogi et al., 2013 [32] | 12 weeks | 3, 6, and 12 months | VAS: rest: baseline, 20 mm (0–30); final: F/U, 0 mm (0–40) (P=0.03); activity: baseline, 50 mm (20–70); final F/U, 10 mm (0–70) (P=0.04). | Lysholm knee score; baseline, 56 ± 8 (32–73); final F/U, 79 ± 7 (40–91) (p = 0.0212). TAS score: baseline, 2 (0–3); final F/U 4 (1–5) (p = 0.03) | Not reported | Not reported |
| Prati et al., 2017 [33] | 5 weeks | 1 and 3 months | NRS: rest: baseline, 5.1–0.1 (1 month); activity: baseline, 5.1–2.4 (1 month); KOOS; pain: 33.3 ± 17.4 points, symptoms: 25.9 ± 21.3 points | AROM; flexion: baseline, 123–134 (1 month); extension: baseline, -0.6–0 (1 month) | KOOS; ADL 28.5 ± 20.4 points, QOL 16.4 ± 21.1 points | Not reported |
| Sonesson et al., 2020 [34] | 12 weeks | 1, 3, and 5 years | KOOS; pain: baseline, 60.2 (55.4–65.1); final F/U, 86.0 (79.7–92.2); symptoms: baseline, 62.7 (57.6–67.9); final F/U, 85.6 (80.0–91.3); EQ-VAS: baseline, 65.9 (60.2–71.5); final F/U, 83.5 (79.0–88.0) | Not reported | KOOS; ADL: baseline, 70.2 (65.3–75.1); final F/U 87.9 (82.3–93.4) Sport/Rec: baseline, 36.9 (30.3–43.6); final F/U 65.9 (55.6–76.2) QOL: baseline, 37.5 (33.0–42.0); final F/U 68.1 (59.4–76.7) EQ-5D: baseline, 0.65 (0.59–0.71); final F/U 0.86 (0.81–0.91) | Not reported |
| Katz et al., 2013 [35] | 6 weeks | 3, 6, and 12 months | KOOS pain MD, 6 months: 21.3 points (18.4–24.2); final F/U: 27.3 points (24.1–30.4) | WOMAC physical-function score MD; 6 months: 18.5 points (15.6–21.5), final F/U: 22.8 points (19.8–25.8) | SF-36 physical-activity score MD; 6 months: 23.1 (19.2–27.0), final F/U: 28.1 (24.0–32.1) | WOMAC score CID; physical-function scale: 8 points |
| Başar et al., 2021 [36] | 8 weeks | 2 and 6 months | VAS; baseline: 69 ± 7 mm, final F/U: 20 ± 11 mm (p < 0.0001) | ROM; baseline: 102.3 ± 6.3, final F/U: 115.6 ± 6.1 (p < 0.0001) | Not reported | Not reported |