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. 2023 Feb 28;18:1063–1083. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S398446

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© 2023 Wang et al.

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The effect of macrophage-derived exosomes on the expression of osteogenesis-related genes in BMSCs. The bar graphs show the effect of normal or inhibited macrophage exosome secretion on the levels of osteogenesis-related mRNAs in BMSCs in the cell co-culture model. Inhibition of macrophage exosomal secretion significantly down-regulated the expression of BMP-2, RUNX2, OPN, and OC in BMSCs in the cell co-culture model at 24 and 48 h; the macrophages were pre-stimulated using hypoxia or CSF. ^##p < 0.01, ^#p < 0.05. Each experiment was repeated five times.