Table 4.
Summary of some herbal remedies used for COVID-19 from different continents.
| Continent | Medicinal plants for COVID-19 | Conditions managed in COVID-19 | Bioactive compounds | Proposed action | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Africa | Sclerocarya birrea, Pyrenacantha kaurabassana, Moringa oleifera, Azadirachta indica, Curcuma longa, Piper guineense, Eucalyptus globulus, Thymus maroccanus, Zingiber officinale, Allium cepa, Olea europaea, Allium sativum | Pneumonia, fever, cough, asthma, or breathing problems | Phenolic moieties, Enzymes, | Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory | [49,51,27]; |
| Americas and the Caribbean | Spondias mombin, Plectranthus amboinicus, Ocimum gratissimum, Libidibia ferrea, Dysphania ambrosioides, Citrus limon, Bixa orellana, Alpinia zerumbet, Erythroxylum coca, Matricaria recutita, Piper aduncum, Allium sativum, Zingiber officinale, Eucalyptus globulus, Salvia rosmarinus, Morus alba, Eucalyptus spp, Cúrcuma longa, Coriandrum sativum, Cinchona pubescens, Azadirachta indica |
Fever, breathing, immune boosters, cough | Flavonoids, phenols, polyphenols, carotenoids, | Antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-immunomodulatory, antioxidant | [52,53,54,55,56] |
| Asia and the Middle East | Lianhua qingwen, Jinhua qinggan, Xuebijing liquoric, Scutellaria baicalensis, Pinellia rhizome, Forsythia suspensa, Prunus armeniaca, Peganum harmala, Camellia sinensis, Nigella sativa, Pimpinella anisum, Trigonella foenum-graecum Ocimum sanctum, Curcuma longa, Zingiber officinale, Tinospora cordifolia |
fever, cough, fatigue, acute upper respiratory, tract infection, febrile diseases, Forsythaside, amygdalin | Glycyrrhetinic acid, glycyrrhizin, baicalin, baicalein, Forsythaside, amygdalin, |
Anti-inflammation, antitussive, expectant effects, scavenging free radicals |
[57,58,59,60,61] |
| Australia | Eucalyptus globulus | Improves breathing, nasal congestion, asthma | Eucalyptol and Jensenone | Anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory | [55], [70] |
| Europe | Echinacea purpurea, Andrographis paniculate | Cough, fever, flu, pharyngitis | Alkylamides, caffeic acids, polysaccharides, and chicoric acids | Antiviral, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory | [62,63] |