Table 2.
Echocardiographic characteristics and myocardial mechanics.
| Total sample | Subgroups | p-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DD0 at baseline | DD1 at baseline | |||||
| No progress | Progress | No progress | Progress | |||
| Group size | 249 | 186 | 34 | 23 | 6 | |
| Baseline | ||||||
| Echocardiography | ||||||
| LVEF, % | 60.5 ± 5.7 | 61 ± 6 | 59.7 ± 7.0 | 57.8 ± 5.2 | 61.0 ± 7.9 | 0.071 |
| IVSD, mm | 9.8 ± 1.8 | 9 ± 1 | 11 ± 1.5 | 11 ± 2 | 13.2 ± 1.7 | <0.001 |
| PWD, mm | 9.4 ± 1.5 | 9 ± 1 | 10 ± 1.5 | 10 ± 1 | 11.8 ± 1.5 | <0.001 |
| LVEDD, mm | 45.2 ± 4.7 | 45.2 ± 4.7 | 45.0 ± 4.9 | 45.7 ± 4.1 | 43.2 ± 4.1 | 0.69 |
| E, cm/s | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | <0.001 |
| A, cm/s | 0.6 ± 0.2 | 0.6 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | <0.001 |
| E/A | 1.3 ± 0.6 | 1.4 ± 0.6 | 1.0 ± 0.4 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | <0.001 |
| DT, ms | 211 ± 47 | 207 ± 43 | 225 ± 55 | 214 ± 57 | 229 ± 59 | 0.073 |
| IVRT, ms | 78 ± 23 | 73 ± 20 | 92 ± 21 | 94 ± 31 | 91 ± 28 | <0.001 |
| e′ average, cm/s | 11.3 ± 3.4 | 12.4 ± 3.1 | 8.7 ± 2.0 | 7.6 ± 1.3 | 6.0 ± 1.2 | <0.001 |
| E/e′ | 7.0 ± 2.1 | 6.5 ± 1.7 | 7.7 ± 1.5 | 9.1 ± 2.4 | 11.6 ± 1.6 | <0.001 |
| LAVI, ml/m2 | 28.5 ± 6.0 | 27.0 ± 4.5 | 30.0 ± 5.3 | 36.8 ± 8.9 | 33.6 ± 7.1 | <0.001 |
| ∆RV/RA pressure, mmHg | 21.8 ± 5.8 | 20.5 ± 5.4 | 22.7 ± 5.7 | 25.4 ± 5.8 | 28.5 ± 6.4 | 0.008 |
| TAPSE, mm | 24.0 ± 4.1 | 24.1 ± 4.3 | 23.6 ± 3.9 | 24.3 ± 3.2 | 21.5 ± 3.6 | 0.48 |
| Myocardial mechanics | ||||||
| LASr (%) | 38.6 ± 9.9 | 41.9 ± 8.5 | 28.0 ± 7.0 | 30.6 ± 7.1 | 26.5 ± 5.6 | <0.001 |
| LAScd (%) | −22.4 ± 9.7 | −25.4 ± 9.1 | −13.2 ± 5.1 | −14.9 ± 5.7 | −13.0 ± 1.6 | <0.001 |
| LASct (%) | −17.9 ± 5.5 | −18.1 ± 5.4 | −17.6 ± 6.3 | −17.7 ± 5.8 | −15.9 ± 5.3 | 0.52 |
| LV GLS (%) | −20.6 ± 2.5 | −21.2 ± 2.1 | −19.4 ± 2.8 | −18.5 ± 2.2 | −17. 6 ± 2.9 | <0.001 |
| Follow-up | ||||||
| Echocardiography | ||||||
| LVEF, % | 60.4 ± 3.7 | 60.6 ± 3.6 | 60.4 ± 4.1 | 58.6 ± 3.6 | 60.7 ± 5.5 | 0.092 |
| IVSD, mm | 10.2 ± 1.8 | 10 ± 2 | 11 ± 1.6 | 12 ± 2 | 14 ± 2.0 | <0.001 |
| PWD, mm | 9.6 ± 1.6 | 9 ± 1 | 11 ± 1.4 | 11 ± 1 | 12 ± 1.9 | <0.001 |
| LVEDD, mm | 43.9 ± 4.1 | 43.9 ± 4.1 | 44.0 ± 4.4 | 44.4 ± 4.7 | 43.6 ± 4.4 | 0.94 |
| E, cm/s | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.001 |
| A, cm/s | 0.6 ± 0.2 | 0.6 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | <0.001 |
| E/A | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 1.3 ± 0.5 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | <0.001 |
| DT, ms | 194 ± 45 | 190 ± 43 | 207 ± 49 | 205 ± 50 | 231 ± 43 | 0.004 |
| IVRT, ms | 92 ± 27 | 86 ± 24 | 104 ± 17.9 | 115 ± 32 | 133 ± 35 | <0.001 |
| e′ average, cm/s | 9.6 ± 3.2 | 10.7 ± 2.9 | 6.9 ± 1.0 | 6.3 ± 1.1 | 4.8 ± 2.0 | <0.001 |
| E/e′ | 7.8 ± 2.5 | 7.0 ± 1.7 | 9.6 ± 2.5 | 9.5 ± 1.8 | 15.9 ± 4.1 | <0.001 |
| LAVI, ml/m2 | 31.0 ± 6.6 | 28.4 ± 4.0 | 39.0 ± 5.8 | 38.3 ± 8.6 | 38.5 ± 2.8 | <0.001 |
| ∆RV/RA pressure, mmHg | 23.4 ± 6.8 | 19.1 ± 4.5 | 23.1 ± 6.5 | 22.1 ± 3.8 | 32.7 ± 4.9 | <0.001 |
| TAPSE, mm | 23.5 ± 6.8 | 23.9 ± 7.6 | 21.9 ± 3.1 | 22.8 ± 2.9 | 22.3 ± 3.4 | 0.40 |
| Myocardial mechanics | ||||||
| LASr (%) | 34.0 ± 9.5 | 37.1 ± 8.5 | 24.5 ± 5.4 | 25.5 ± 5.5 | 21.6 ± 3.9 | <0.001 |
| LAScd (%) | −18.4 ± 8.1 | −21.0 ± 7.6 | −10.7 ± 4.0 | −10.5 ± 3.0 | −9.1 ± 2.6 | <0.001 |
| LASct (%) | −16.0 ± 5.3 | −16.3 ± 5.6 | −14.6 ± 3.5 | −16.3 ± 5.6 | −13.4 ± 4.3 | 0.29 |
| LV GLS (%) | −20.6 ± 3.7 | −21.0 ± 4.0 | −20.2 ± 2.2 | −18.8 ± 2.3 | −18.7 ± 1.4 | 0.025 |
LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; IVSD, interventricular septal diameter; PWD, posterior wall diameter; LVEDD, left ventricular enddiastolic diameter; E and A, mitral peak E- and A-wave velocity; DT, deceleration time; IVRT, isovolumetric relaxation time; e′, pulsed-wave TDI-derived mitral annular early diastolic velocity; LAVI, left atrial volume index; ∆RV/RA pressure, systolic right atrial/right ventricular pressure difference; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; LASr, LAScd, and LASct, left atrial reservoir, conduit, and contraction strain; LV GLS, global longitudinal peak systolic left ventricular strain.