Table 2.
Sociodemographic and medical characteristics.
| Variable | Frailty | Frailty with sarcopenia | t/z/χ2 | Value of p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 51 | N = 44 | |||
| Age (years) | 85.176 ± 7.320 | 87.522 ± 6.296 | −1.661 | 0.100 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.294 ± 3.313 | 21.959 ± 3.079 | 3.539 | 0.001 |
| SMI (kg/m2) | 7.200 ± 1.011 | 5.780 ± 5.555 | 7.714 | <0.001 |
| Cr (μmol/L) | 76.467 ± 27.512 | 77.066 ± 15.734 | −0.128 | 0.899 |
| UA (μmol/L) | 346.455 ± 107.029 | 325.614 ± 98.982 | 0.978 | 0.329 |
| Alb (g/L) | 40.931 ± 5.904 | 42.602 ± 7.825 | −1.183 | 0.240 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 3.94 ± 0.955 | 3.827 ± 1.264 | 0.496 | 0.621 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.490 ± 0.735 | 1.333 ± 0.697 | 1.056 | 0.294 |
| HDLC (mmol/L) | 1.230 ± 0.339 | 1.202 ± 0.327 | 0.396 | 0.693 |
| LDLC (mmol/L) | 2.462 ± 0.613 | 2.266 ± 0.675 | 1.484 | 0.141 |
| HBDH (U/L) | 150.582 ± 35.454 | 150.932 ± 41.879 | −0.044 | 0.965 |
| Gait speed (cm/s) | 51.333 ± 17.765 | 39.863 ± 11.027 | 3.558 | 0.001 |
| MoCA | 18.157 ± 4.483 | 17.295 ± 6.021 | 0.797 | 0.427 |
| M visuospatial/executive function | 2.156 ± 1.433 | 2.205 ± 1.636 | −0.151 | 0.880 |
| M naming | 2.803 ± 0.633 | 2.659 ± 0.568 | 1.165 | 0.246 |
| M attention | 4.471 ± 1.447 | 4,136 ± 1.607 | 1.066 | 0.289 |
| M language | 1.667 ± 0.887 | 1.523 ± 1.067 | 0.718 | 0.475 |
| M abstraction | 1.216 ± 0.672 | 1.295 ± 0.733 | −0.553 | 0.582 |
| M delayed memory | 0.882 ± 1.227 | 1.182 ± 1.419 | −1.103 | 0.273 |
| M orientation | 4.980 ± 1.225 | 4.227 ± 1.626 | 2.569 | 0.012 |
| Clock drawing task | 2.118 ± 1.321 | 2.045 ± 1.396 | 0.259 | 0.797 |
| FREID scores | 4 (3,4) | 5 (5,5) | −8.377 | <0.001 |
| 4.57 m walking time(s) | 9.327 (7.371,11.718) | 12.189 (9.235,14.281) | −2.905 | 0.004 |
| Grip strength(kg) | 15.5 (11.3,22.7) | 14.9 (9.95,21.7) | −0.795 | 0.472 |
| Gender | ||||
| Female, n (%) | 29 (56.86) | 16 (36.36) | 3.981 | 0.046 |
| Male, n (%) | 22 (43.14) | 28 (63.64) | ||
| Osteoporotic, n (%) | ||||
| No | 45 (88.24) | 30 (68.18) | 5.715 | 0.017 |
| Yes | 6 (11.76) | 14 (31.82) | ||
| Hypertension, n (%) | ||||
| No | 18 (35.29) | 17 (38.64) | 0.113 | 0.736 |
| Yes | 33 (64.71) | 27 (61.36) | ||
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | ||||
| No | 35 (68.63) | 35 (79.55) | 1.452 | 0.228 |
| Yes | 16 (31.37) | 9 (20.45) | ||
| Cerebrovascular disease, n (%) | ||||
| No | 31 (60.78) | 31 (70.45) | 0.974 | 0.324 |
| Yes | 20 (39.22) | 13 (29.55) | ||
| Coronary heart disease, n (%) | ||||
| No | 40 (78.43) | 35 (79.55) | 0.018 | 0.894 |
| Yes | 11 (21.57) | 9 (20.45) | ||
| Anxiety/Depression, n (%) | ||||
| No | 42 (82.35) | 37 (84.09) | 0.051 | 0.821 |
| Yes | 9 (17.65) | 7 (15.91) |
BMI, Body mass index; SMI, skeletal muscle mass index; Cr, creatinine; UA, uric acid; Alb, albumin; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HDLC, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDLC, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HBDH, hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase.