Table 1.
The therapeutic effects of MSCs and their derivatives from different sources in AD.
| Sources of MSCs | Animal model | Route of administration | Dose | Main outcome | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shin et al., 2017 (49) | Human AD-MSCs | Mouse model induced by Dermatophagoides farinae | Intravenous | 2 × 105/2 × 106 cells | hAD-MSCs reduced epidermal thickness, lymphocyte infiltration, and MC degranulation |
| Kim et al., 2018 (22) | Human AD-MSCs | Mouse model induced by using DNCB | Intravenous | 1 × 106 cells on 12 and 23 days | Decreasing MIP-2 to overexpress the level of miR-122a-5p, regulating the level of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1), to decrease the internal inflammation and clinical symptoms |
| Guan et al., 2022 (50) | Mouse AD-MSCs | Mouse model induced by ovalbumin | Subcutaneous | 1 × 106 cells | Inhibiting the expression of Th17 and its relative pro-inflammatory products |
| Park et al., 2020 (18) | Human UCB-MSCs | Mouse model induced by Dermatophagoides farinae | Subcutaneous | 2 × 106 cells | Decreasing the level of TNFα to inhibit the infiltration of MC and decrease the level of IgE into skin lesions by secreting transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) |
| Shin et al., 2021 (28) | Human UCB-MSCs | Mouse model induced by Dermatophagoides farinae | Subcutaneous | 2 × 106 cells | Reducing allergic inflammatory symptoms by inhibiting Th2 cell differentiation and MC activation through the COX2–PGE2 pathway |
| Jung et al., 2022 (51) | Human UCB-MSCs | Mouse model induced by Dermatophagoides farinae | Subcutaneous | 2 × 106 cells | Decreasing IL-4, TNF-α, TARC, and IL-22 through EGF in skin lesion |
| Jung et al., 2021 (52) | Human TMSCs | Mouse model induced by using DNCB | Subcutaneous | 2 × 104 cells | Decreasing IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-4 secreted by Th1 and Th2 cells, respectively, and IgE secreted by B cells and MC |
| Na et al., 2014 (19) | Mouse BM-MSCs | Mouse model induced by ovalbumin | Intravenous | 2 × 105 cells | Suppressing T cells and its inflammatory products by NO-dependent pathways. Suppressing B cells and IgE by the downregulation of AID and BLIMP-1. |
| Xiong et al., 2022 (53) | Human sheds | Mouse model induced by using DNCB | Intravenous/subcutaneous | 2 × 107 cells/mL, and 2 × 106 cells on days 17, 24, and 31 | Improving the disruption of skin barrier function and enlarged spleens. Decreasing IgE and TLSP Inhibiting the activation of Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells in skin lesion |
| Sah et al., 2018 (54) | Human UCB-MSCs (SOD3-tranduced) | Mouse model induced by ovalbumin | Subcutaneous | 2 × 106 cells on days 20, 28, and 42 | Alleviating the allergic inflammation in keratinocytes through competitively interacting with H4R and IL-4Rα. Reducing the inflammation in the skin through the JAK-STAT pathway |
| Park et al., 2019 (55) | Human WJ-MSCs (preconditioned with the TLR3 agonist poly I:C or IFN-γ) | Mouse model induced by Af extract | Subcutaneous | \ | Decreasing proinflammatory cytokines. Ameliorating epidermal thickness and inflammatory cell infiltration in skin lesions. |
| Cho et al., 2018 (56) | Human AD-MSCs (EVs) | Mouse model induced by Dermatophagoides farinae | Intravenous/subcutaneous | 0.14, 1.4, and 10 μg/head | Reducing pathological symptoms, serum IgE, the number of eosinophils in blood, and the infiltration of MC, CD86+, and CD206+ cells in skin lesions. Decreasing IL-4, IL-23, IL-31, and TNF-α in AD skin lesions |
| Shin et al., 2020 (57) | Human AD-MSCs (EVs) | Mouse model induced by oxazolone (Ox) | Subcutaneous/topical | 1, 3, and 10 μg/head | Restoring epidermal barrier functions in AD by facilitating the de novo synthesis of ceramides |
| Kim et al., 2022 (58) | Canine AD-MSCs (EVs) | Mouse model induced by using DNCB | Subcutaneous | 2 × 1010 particles/head | Decreasing serum IgE, epidermal inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-4, IL-13, IL-31, RANTES, and TARC. Repairing skin barrier by restoring transepidermal water loss, enhancing stratum corneum hydration, and upregulating the expression levels of epidermal differentiation proteins. Reducing IL-31/TRPA1-mediated pruritus and activation of JAK/STAT signaling pathway |