Table 3.

Effects of dietary patterns on gut microbiota and body metabolism.

Dietary patterns	Gut microbiota changes	Effects on body metabolism
Unsaturated fat	Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Coriobacteriaceae, Barnesiellaceae, Fusobacterium↑ (Zhuang et al., 2021)	High blood glucose↓, IR↓, adipose tissue↓
Protein	Bifidobacterium↑ (Tan et al., 2022); Roseburia, Verrucomicrobia↓, Faecalibacteria, Flavonifractor↑ (Soedamah-Muthu and de Goede, 2018); Lactobacillus, streptococcus↑ (Soedamah-Muthu and de Goede, 2018; Daniel et al., 2022); Lachnospira↑ (Wastyk et al., 2021)	T2D↓, IR↓, insulin sensitivity ↑
Dietary fiber	Bacteroidetes↓, Proteobacteria↑ (Shi et al., 2021); Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Akkermansia muciniphila↑ (Jiang et al., 2020); Ruminococcaceae, Clostridiales, Acidaminococcus↑, Fusobacterium↓ (Ghosh et al., 2020)	SCFAs↑, insulin sensitivity↑, inflammation↓, visceral fat↓, abdominal obesity↓
Vitamins and minerals	Ruminococcus↑ (Ren et al., 2020); Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Roseburia, Eubacterium, Prevotella↑ (Ghosh et al., 2020; Ren et al., 2020)	T2D↓, obesity↓
Ultra-processed food	Alloprevotella, Negativibacillus, Prevotella↑ (Atzeni et al., 2022)	Weight↑, obesity↑, inflammation↑