Table 4.

Effects of different interventions on gut microbiota and metabolism.

Intervention	Gut microbiota changes	Effects on body metabolism
FMT	Anaerostipes hadrus↑, Desulfovibrio ssp.↑, Alloprevotella rava↑, Coprococcus↑ (de Groot et al., 2020); hascolarcobacterium↑,Christensenellaceae↑,Bacteroidetes↑, Akkermansia muciniphila↑ (Mocanu et al., 2021)	IR↓, bile acid↑; obesity↓, insulin sensitivity↑
Pro−/ prebiotic	Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Lactococcus lactis and Streptococcus therophilus↑ (Zmora et al., 2018); Lactobacillus, Akkermansia muciniphila↑ (Wang et al., 2020); Bifidobacteria, Lactobacillus acidophilus ↑ (Sergeev et al., 2020); Lactobacillus, Bifidobacteria, Streptococcus, Enterococcus ↑ (Dai et al., 2022); fructose oligosaccharide, galactose oligosaccharide supplements↑ (Zou et al., 2018)	Intestinal barrier↑, glucose tolerance↑, IR↓, inflammation↓; Obesity↓; glucose homeostasis↑, glucose and lipid metabolism↑; feelings of satiety↑, IR↓
TCM	Ganoderma—polysaccharides (Sang et al., 2021); Cordyceps--Parabacteroides goldsteinii↑ (Wu T. R. et al., 2019); Bacteroidetes, Bifidobacteria↑ (An et al., 2019); Ginseng--Lactobacillus, Bacteroidetes↑ (Zhou et al., 2021); Gegen-qinlian--Bacteroides, Roseburia, Bifidobacteria↑ (Xu X. et al., 2020); Curcumin--Bacteroidetes, Bifidobacteria↑; Acupuncture--Bifidobacteria, Lactobacillus↑ (Yaklai et al., 2021)	IR↓, LPS↓, intestinal barrier function↑, obesity↓, pro-inflammatory cytokines↓, SCFAs↑