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H. pylori infects the human stomach mucosa by binding to the apical side of the gastric epithelial cells. The infection causes immune cell infiltration of the gastric mucosa. Activated macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils produce interleukin 12 (IL-12), which is involved in the differentiation of naïve T cells into Th1 lymphocytes, leading to the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines IFNγ and TNFα.
