TABLE 3.
Classification performance on different feature sets using Optuna-tuned LightGBM models. Note, NT, PHT, and HT denote normotension, prehypertension, and hypertension, respectively. PPG, VPG, and APG refer to photoplethysmography, velocity plethysmography, and acceleration plethysmography, respectively. SP stands for specificity, SN stands for sensitivity, ACC stands for accuracy, PRE stands for precision, MCC stands for Matthew’s correlation coefficient, Kappa stands for Cohen’s kappa coefficient, AUC stands for Area under curve. Values in Bold indicate highest scores achieved for each classification per evaluation metric.
| Feature sets | Trail | SP (%) | SN (%) | ACC (%) | PRE (%) | F1 score (%) | AUC (%) | MCC (%) | Kappa (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PPG | NT vs. PHT | 87.64 | 85.26 | 86.57 | 86.58 | 86.57 | 86.45 | 72.88 | 72.88 |
| NT vs. HT | 96.26 | 91.37 | 94.20 | 94.21 | 94.18 | 93.82 | 88.09 | 88.05 | |
| (NT + PHT) vs. HT | 97.16 | 78.82 | 91.89 | 91.89 | 91.70 | 87.99 | 79.75 | 79.32 | |
| VPG | NT vs. PHT | 91.09 | 87.37 | 89.42 | 89.41 | 89.41 | 89.23 | 78.60 | 78.59 |
| NT vs. HT | 96.84 | 92.16 | 94.86 | 94.88 | 94.85 | 94.50 | 89.46 | 89.42 | |
| (NT + PHT) vs. HT | 97.31 | 79.22 | 92.12 | 92.12 | 91.93 | 88.27 | 80.33 | 79.90 | |
| APG | NT vs. PHT | 89.94 | 81.75 | 86.26 | 8629 | 86.21 | 85.85 | 72.19 | 72.09 |
| NT vs. HT | 95.40 | 94.12 | 94.86 | 94.86 | 94.86 | 94.76 | 89.47 | 89.47 | |
| (NT + PHT) vs. HT | 96.21 | 73.73 | 89.75 | 89.68 | 89.45 | 84.97 | 74.22 | 73.64 | |
| PPG and VPG | NT vs. PHT | 90.23 | 88.77 | 89.57 | 89.58 | 89.58 | 89.50 | 78.95 | 78.95 |
| NT vs. HT | 97.70 | 93.33 | 95.85 | 95.88 | 95.84 | 95.52 | 91.51 | 91.47 | |
| (NT + PHT) vs. HT | 97.79 | 80.00 | 92.68 | 92.73 | 92.50 | 88.89 | 81.78 | 81.31 | |
| PPG and APG | NT vs. PHT | 89.94 | 87.02 | 88.63 | 88.62 | 88.62 | 88.48 | 77.01 | 77.01 |
| NT vs. HT | 97.70 | 96.08 | 97.01 | 97.01 | 97.01 | 96.89 | 93.88 | 93.88 | |
| (NT + PHT) vs. HT | 97.16 | 80.39 | 92.34 | 92.32 | 92.18 | 88.77 | 80.91 | 90.57 | |
| VPG and APG | NT vs. PHT | 91.67 | 85.96 | 89.10 | 89.11 | 89.08 | 88.82 | 77.95 | 77.90 |
| NT vs. HT | 97.41 | 95.29 | 96.52 | 96.52 | 96.51 | 96.35 | 92.85 | 92.86 | |
| (NT + PHT) vs. HT | 97.16 | 80.00 | 92.23 | 92.21 | 92.06 | 88.58 | 80.62 | 80.26 | |
| PPG, VPG and APG | NT vs. PHT | 92.82 | 87.02 | 90.21 | 90.23 | 90.18 | 89.92 | 80.20 | 80.14 |
| NT vs. HT | 98.28 | 96.47 | 97.51 | 97.51 | 97.51 | 97.37 | 94.90 | 94.90 | |
| (NT + PHT) vs. HT | 97.31 | 81.96 | 92.91 | 92.89 | 92.77 | 89.64 | 82.34 | 82.06 |