Table 2.
Clinical characteristics among patients stratified by the splitting group.
| Characteristics | Training cohort | Internal testing cohort | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 1509 | 388 | |
| Age [mean (SD)] | 64.98 (10.23) | 65.28 (10.07) | 0.608 |
| Sex (%) | 0.681 | ||
| Female | 221 (14.6) | 53 (13.7) | |
| Male | 1288 (85.4) | 335 (86.3) | |
| Race (%) | 0.978 | ||
| Black | 222 (14.7) | 57 (14.7) | |
| Others | 185 (12.3) | 49 (12.6) | |
| Unknown | 6 (0.4) | 1 (0.3) | |
| White | 1096 (72.6) | 281 (72.4) | |
| Marital status (%) | 0.399 | ||
| Married | 694 (46.0) | 187 (48.2) | |
| Others | 390 (25.8) | 84 (21.6) | |
| Single | 348 (23.1) | 95 (24.5) | |
| Unknown | 77 (5.1) | 22 (5.7) | |
| T stage (%) | 0.821 | ||
| T0 | 15 (1.0) | 5 (1.3) | |
| T1 | 343 (22.7) | 92 (23.7) | |
| T2 | 187 (12.4) | 54 (13.9) | |
| T3 | 456 (30.2) | 108 (27.8) | |
| T4 | 140 (9.3) | 31 (8.0) | |
| TX | 368 (24.4) | 98 (25.3) | |
| N stage (%) | 0.435 | ||
| N0 | 948 (62.8) | 233 (60.1) | |
| N1 | 288 (19.1) | 74 (19.1) | |
| NX | 273 (18.1) | 81 (20.9) | |
| Fibrosis score (%) | 0.184 | ||
| Ishak 0–4 | 45 (3.0) | 14 (3.6) | |
| Ishak 5–6 | 192 (12.7) | 62 (16.0) | |
| Unknown | 1272 (84.3) | 312 (80.4) | |
| AFP level (%) | 0.353 | ||
| Negative | 189 (12.5) | 50 (12.9) | |
| Positive | 928 (61.5) | 251 (64.7) | |
| Unknown | 392 (26.0) | 87 (22.4) | |
| Tumor size (mm, %) | 0.063 | ||
| Less than 45 | 92 (6.1) | 13 (3.4) | |
| 46–85 | 114 (7.6) | 29 (7.5) | |
| More than 86 | 190 (12.6) | 63 (16.2) | |
| Unknown | 1113 (73.8) | 283 (72.9) | |
| Brain metastases (%) | 0.707 | ||
| No | 1400 (92.8) | 364 (93.8) | |
| Unknown | 60 (4.0) | 12 (3.1) | |
| Yes | 49 (3.2) | 12 (3.1) | |
| Liver metastases (%) | 0.563 | ||
| No | 1343 (89.0) | 347 (89.4) | |
| Unknown | 59 (3.9) | 11 (2.8) | |
| Yes | 107 (7.1) | 30 (7.7) | |
| Lung metastases (%) | 0.797 | ||
| No | 1106 (73.3) | 282 (72.7) | |
| Unknown | 59 (3.9) | 13 (3.4) | |
| Yes | 344 (22.8) | 93 (24.0) | |
| Surgery of lymph (%) | 1.000 | ||
| Yes | 10 (0.7) | 2 (0.5) | |
| None/unknown | 1499 (99.3) | 386 (99.5) | |
| Cancer-directed surgery (%) | 0.206 | ||
| Yes | 43 (2.8) | 6 (1.5) | |
| None/unknown | 1466 (97.2) | 382 (98.5) | |
| Radiation (%) | 0.863 | ||
| Yes | 597 (39.6) | 156 (40.2) | |
| None/unknown | 912 (60.4) | 232 (59.8) | |
| Chemotherapy (%) | 0.873 | ||
| Yes | 582 (38.6) | 152 (39.2) | |
| None/unknown | 927 (61.4) | 236 (60.8) | |
| Early death (%) | 0.516 | ||
| Yes | 843 (55.9) | 209 (53.9) | |
| No | 666 (44.1) | 179 (46.1) |
SD, Standard deviation; T, tumor; N, node; AFP, alpha fetoprotein.