Table 4.
Development of CBMN parameters and important health biomarker after vitamin D intervention and resistance training (n = 67).
| Parameter | Group | Mean ± SD |
p-value |
p-value |
% Variation |
p-value |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 | T2 | T3 | Friedman | T1-T2 | T2 -T3 | T1-T3 | %-T1-T2 | %-T2-T3 | %-T1-T3 | ΔT1-T2 vs.ΔT2-T3 | ||
|
CBMN parameters (n = 67) | ||||||||||||
| Cells with MNi [per 1000 BN cells] |
CON | 10.4 ± 3.9 | 10.3 ± 6.5 | 12.8 ± 6.2 | <0.001 | 0.383 | 0.008 | 0.027 | −1.0 ± 66.7 | 24.3 ± 4.6 | 23.1 ± 59.0 | 0.065 |
| VDD | 11.4 ± 8.2 | 9.02 ± 6.1 | 11.6 ± 4.2 | 0.041 | 0.110 | 0.039 | 0.313 | −20.9 ± 25.6 | 28.6 ± 31.1 | 1.8 ± 48.8 | 0.022 | |
| VDM |
10.6 ± 3.9 |
9.0 ± 3.5 |
14.0 ± 6.8 |
<0.001 |
0.049 |
0.001 |
0.001 |
−15.1 ± 10.3 |
55.6 ± 94.3 |
32.1 ± 74.4 |
0.003 |
|
| Total number of MNi [per 1000 BN cells] |
CON | 11.4 ± 4.3 | 11.25 ± 7.4 | 14.5 ± 7.2 | 0.002 | 0.413 | 0.005 | 0.025 | −1.3 ± 72.1 | 28.9±-2.7 | 27.2 ± 67.4 | 0.051 |
| VDD | 12.5 ± 9.2 | 10.0 ± 6.8 | 13.3 ± 5.3 | 0.030 | 0.217 | 0.047 | 0.179 | −20.0 ± 26.1 | 33±-22.1 | 6.4±-42.4 | 0.044 | |
| VDM |
11.8 ± 4.5 |
10.3 ± 4.8 |
16.1 ± 7.8 |
<0.001 |
0.059 |
0.001 |
<0.001 |
−12.7 ± 6.7 |
56.3 ± 62.5 |
36.4 ± 73.3 |
0.003 |
|
| Nuclear buds |
CON | 2.75 ± 1.35 | 3.5 ± 1.79 | 2.93 ± 2.36 | 0.102 | 0.054 | 0.143 | 0.919 | 27.3 ± 32.6 | −16.3 ± 31.8 | 6.5 ± 74.8 | 0.113 |
| VDD | 2.81 ± 2.09 | 3.76 ± 2.25 | 2.67 ± 1.93 | 0.047 | 0.098 | 0.055 | 0.793 | 33.8 ± 7.7 | −29 ± 14.2 | −5.0 ± 7.7 | 0.054 | |
| VDM |
2.46 ± 1.44 |
3.92 ± 2.76 |
2.58 ± 1.32 |
0.033 |
0.014 |
0.014 |
1000 |
59.3 ± 91.7 |
−34.2 ± 52.2 |
4.9±-8.3 |
0.011 |
|
| Nucleoplasmic bridges |
CON | 1.02 ± 0.91 | 0.77 ± 0.75 | 0.73 ± 0.86 | 0.343 | 0.463 | 0.715 | 0.269 | −24.5 ± 17.6 | −5.2 ± 14.7 | −28.4±-5.5 | 0.597 |
| VDD | 1.31 ± 1.44 | 0.43 ± 0.43 | 1.00 ± 0.69 | 0.013 | 0.009 | 0.004 | 0.344 | −67.2 ± 70.1 | 132.6 ± 60.5 | −23.7±-52.1 | 0.001 | |
| VDM |
0.77 ± 0.92 |
0.88 ± 0.80 |
0.54 ± 0.72 |
0.107 |
0.734 |
0.050 |
0.228 |
14.3±-13.0 |
−38.6±-10.0 |
−29.9±-21.7 |
0.246 |
|
| Apoptotic cells |
CON | 5.20 ± 4.23 | 6.18 ± 4.62 | 8.11 ± 6.37 | 0.063 | 0.154 | 0.071 | 0.048 | 18.8 ± 9.2 | 31.2 ± 37.9 | 56 ± 50.6 | 0.543 |
| VDD | 5.40 ± 4.24 | 9.67 ± 8.84 | 7.48 ± 5.02 | 0.089 | 0.117 | 0.525 | 0.013 | 79.1 ± 108.5 | −22.6±-43.2 | 38.5 ± 18.4 | 0.404 | |
| VDM |
7.38 ± 6.97 |
6.98 ± 7.17 |
7.98 ± 3.97 |
0.314 |
0.943 |
0.223 |
0.338 |
−5.4 ± 2.9 |
14.3±-44.6 |
8.1±-43.0 |
0.368 |
|
| Necrotic cells |
CON | 3.70 ± 2.70 | 4.16 ± 2.25 | 4.89 ± 3.98 | 0.825 | 0.464 | 0.564 | 0.286 | 12.4 ± 16.7 | 17.5 ± 76.9 | 32.2 ± 47.4 | 0.972 |
| VDD | 3.64 ± 2.94 | 5.26 ± 4.51 | 5.71 ± 4.05 | 0.088 | 0.172 | 0.588 | 0.01 | 44.5 ± 53.4 | 8.6 ± 10.2 | 56.9 ± 37.8 | 0.626 | |
| VDM |
5.00 ± 3.60 |
3.71 ± 2.83 |
3.19 ± 2.37 |
0.153 |
0.143 |
0.519 |
0.048 |
−25.8±-21.4 |
−14 ± 16.3 |
−36.2 ± 34.2 |
0.391 |
|
| Nuclear division index |
CON | 1.70 ± 0.36 | 1.66 ± 0.17 | 1.77 ± 0.27 | 0.861 | 0.627 | 0.101 | 0.445 | −2.4 ± 52.8 | 6.6 ± 58.8 | 4.1 ± 25.0 | 0.131 |
| VDD | 1.72 ± 0.10 | 1.70 ± 0.38 | 1.78 ± 0.34 | 0.827 | 0.848 | 0.339 | 0.375 | −1.2 ± 280.0 | 4.7 ± 10.5 | 3.5 ± 240 | 0.434 | |
| VDM |
1.69 ± 0.20 |
1.64 ± 0.14 |
1.68 ± 0.19 |
0.325 |
0.317 |
0.361 |
0.458 |
−3.0 ± 30.0 |
2.4 ± 35.7 |
−0.6 ± 5.0 |
0.209 |
|
|
Changes in Blood parameters (n = 67) | ||||||||||||
| Vitamin D serum level [ng/mL] |
CON | 20.8 ± 4.8 | 21.2 ± 5.1 | 23.6 ± 8.3 | 0.970 | 0.685 | 0.123 | 0.088 | 1.9 ± 6.3 | 11.3 ± 62.7 | 13.5 ± 72.9 | 0.168 |
| VDD | 23.9 ± 6.0 | 24.4 ± 6.6 | 28.0 ± 7.6 | 0.010 | 0.444 | 0.025 | 0.023 | 2.1 ± 10.0 | 14.8 ± 15.2 | 17.2 ± 26.7 | 0.181 | |
| VDM |
23.7 ± 6.6 |
25.8 ± 4.6 |
32.9 ± 7.6 |
<0.001 |
0.008 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
8.9 ± 30.3 |
27.5 ± 65.2 |
38.8 ± 15.2 |
0.013 |
|
| hs-CRP [mg/L] |
CON | 2.51 ± 3.04 | 2.33 ± 3.75 | 3.01 ± 6.28 | 0.190 | 0.531 | 0.374 | 0.156 | −7.2 ± 23.4 | 29.2 ± 67.5 | 19.9 ± 106.6 | 0.862 |
| VDD | 3.46 ± 6.73 | 2.18 ± 1.81 | 2.12 ± 1.59 | 0.604 | 0.777 | 0.736 | 0.851 | −37.0 ± 73.1 | −2.8 ± 12.2 | −38.7 ± 76.4 | 0.835 | |
| VDM |
1.77 ± 1.74 |
1.79 ± 2.24 |
1.49 ± 1.46 |
0.059 |
0.985 |
0.242 |
0.116 |
1.1 ± 28.7 |
−16.8±-34.8 |
−15.8 ± 16.1 |
0.664 |
|
| FRAP [μmol/L] |
CON | 1143 ± 221 | 1044 ± 137 | 941 ± 175 | <0.001 | 0.025 | 0.003 | <0.001 | −8.7 ± 38 | −9.9 ± 27.7 | −17.7 ± 20.8 | 0.958 |
| VDD | 1144 ± 191 | 1100 ± 150 | 986 ± 217 | <0.001 | 0.235 | 0.004 | <0.001 | −3.8 ± 21.5 | −10.4 ± 44.7 | −13.8 ± 13.6 | 0.136 | |
| VDM |
1123 ± 197 |
1117 ± 210 |
965 ± 210 |
<0.001 |
0.455 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
−0.5 ± 6.6 |
−13.6 ± 0.0 |
−14.1 ± 6.06 |
0.003 |
|
| GSH [μmol/L] |
CON | 16.61 ± 2.33 | 15.65 ± 1.60 | 14.70 ± 1.82 | 0.013 | 0.024 | 0.110 | 0.002 | −6.0 ± 31.3 | −5.8 ± 13.8 | −11.4 ± 21.9 | 0.986 |
| VDD | 16.32 ± 3.09 | 15.63 ± 2.05 | 16.00 ± 3.55 | 0.175 | 0.372 | 0.896 | 0.478 | −4.3 ± 33.7 | 2.6 ± 73.2 | −1.8 ± 14.9 | 0.777 | |
| VDM |
16.13 ± 0.44 |
14.90 ± 2.49 |
14.92 ± 2.75 |
0.063 |
0.040 |
0.821 |
0.050 |
−7.5 ± 465.9 |
−0.1 ± 10.4 |
−7.5 ± 52.5 |
0.366 |
|
|
Changes in Blood parameters (n = 67) | ||||||||||||
| GSSG [μmol/L] |
CON | 9.37 ± 1.52 | 8.61 ± 1.03 | 8.46 ± 1.51 | 0.190 | 0.012 | 0.543 | 0.009 | −8.1 ± 32.2 | −1.7 ± 46.6 | −9.7 ± 0.7 | 0.297 |
| VDD | 8.06 ± 1.79 | 8.03 ± 1.43 | 8.23 ± 1.41 | 0.604 | 0.962 | 0.306 | 0.653 | −0.4 ± 20.1 | 2.5 ± 1.4 | 2.1 ± 21.2 | 0.542 | |
| VDM |
8.82 ± 1.58 |
7.83 ± 1.24 |
8.01 ± 1.57 |
0.004 |
0.004 |
0.414 |
0.156 |
−11.2 ± 21.5 |
2.3 ± 26.6 |
−9.2 ± 0.6 |
0.008 |
|
| GSH/GSSG ratio |
CON | 1.80 ± 0.32 | 1.83 ± 0.26 | 1.80 ± 0.43 | 0.937 | 0.903 | 0.737 | 0.917 | 1.7 ± 18.8 | −1.6 ± 65.4 | 0 ± 34.4 | 0.664 |
| VDD | 2.27 ± 0.45 | 1.95 ± 1.07 | 2.38 ± 0.78 | 0.326 | 0.286 | 0.408 | 0.102 | −14.1 ± 137.8 | 22.1 ± 27.1 | 4.8 ± 73.3 | 1.000 | |
| VDM |
1.87 ± 0.43 |
1.95 ± 0.40 |
1.89 ± 0.29 |
0.419 |
0.537 |
0.445 |
0.974 |
4.3 ± 7.0 |
−3.1 ± 27.5 |
1.1 ± 32.6 |
0.390 |
|
| MDA [μmol/L] |
CON | 2.11 ± 0.58 | 1.75 ± 0.99 | 2.45 ± 0.79 | 0.190 | 0.091 | 0.033 | 0.274 | −17.1 ± 70.7 | 40 ± 20.2.0 | 16.1 ± 36.2 | 0.009 |
| VDD | 2.25 ± 0.48 | 2.04 ± 1.02 | 2.29 ± 0.78 | 0.604 | 0.353 | 0.554 | 0.872 | −9.3 ± 112.5 | 12.3 ± 23.5 | 1.8 ± 62.5 | 0.084 | |
| VDM |
2.25 ± 0.43 |
2.18 ± 1.24 |
2.28 ± 0.77 |
0.059 |
0.532 |
0.692 |
0.857 |
−3.1 ± 188.4 |
4.6 ± 37.9 |
1.3 ± 79.1 |
0.378 |
|
| hs-Troponin [ng/L] |
CON | 5.74 ± 5.07 | 5.47 ± 4.59 | 4.96 ± 4.33 | 0.068 | 0.355 | 0.229 | 0.014 | −4.7 ± 9.5 | −9.3 ± 5.7 | −13.6 ± 14.6 | 0.745 |
| VDD | 5.14 ± 2.11 | 5.30 ± 2.22 | 5.04 ± 3.10 | 0.004 | 0.590 | 0.067 | 0.067 | 3.1 ± 5.2 | −4.9 ± 39.6 | −1.9 ± 46.9 | 0.211 | |
| VDM |
5.42 ± 2.48 |
5.53 ± 3.92 |
5.23 ± 3.32 |
0.400 |
0.628 |
0.919 |
0.330 |
2.0 ± 58.1 |
−5.4 ± 15.3 |
−3.5 ± 33.9 |
0.932 |
|
|
Changes in body composition after vitamin D intervention and resistance training (n = 67) | ||||||||||||
| BMI [kg/m2] |
CON | 26.2 ± 4.9 | 26.1 ± 4.8 | 26.1 ± 5.1 | 0.708 | 0.424 | 0.719 | 0.387 | −0.4 ± 2.0 | 0.0 ± 6.3 | −0.4 ± 4.1 | 0.987 |
| VDD | 28.3 ± 4.4 | 28.2 ± 4.5 | 28.0 ± 4.9 | 0.163 | 0.360 | 0.548 | 0.084 | −0.4 ± 2.3 | −0.7 ± 8.9 | −1.1 ± 11.4 | 0.322 | |
| VDM |
26.8 ± 4.3 |
26.7 ± 4.4 |
26.6 ± 4.6 |
0.508 |
0.819 |
0.399 |
0.264 |
−0.4 ± 2.3 |
−0.4 ± 4.5 |
−0.7 ± 7.0 |
0.841 |
|
| Waist to Hip Ratio |
CON | 0.92 ± 0.08 | 0.92 ± 0.08 | 0.92 ± 0.09 | 0.618 | 0.325 | 0.471 | 0.486 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 12.5 | 0.0 ± 12.5 | 0.833 |
| VDD | 0.98 ± 0.22 | 0.94 ± 0.09 | 0.94 ± 0.09 | 0.772 | 0.848 | 0.581 | 0.923 | −4.1 ± 59.1 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | −4.1 ± 59.1 | 0.958 | |
| VDM |
0.93 ± 0.07 |
0.93 ± 0.08 |
0.92 ± 0.07 |
0.679 |
0.695 |
0.367 |
0.468 |
0.0 ± 14.3 |
−1.1 ± 12.5 |
−1.1 ± 0.0 |
0.493 |
|
| Lean body mass [kg] |
CON | 59.9 ± 11.8 | 60.1 ± 12.0 | 61.0 ± 14.3 | 0.306 | 0.448 | 0.104 | 0.076 | 0.3 ± 1.7 | 1.5 ± 19.2 | 1.8 ± 21.2 | 0.744 |
| VDD | 63.3 ± 12.3 | 63.9 ± 12.5 | 64.5 ± 12.9 | 0.113 | 0.141 | 0.082 | 0.033 | 0.9 ± 1.6 | 0.9 ± 3.2 | 1.9 ± 4.9 | 0.130 | |
| VDM |
62.9 ± 12.5 |
62.8 ± 12.8 |
64.0 ± 12.8 |
0.134 |
0.770 |
0.019 |
0.025 |
−0.2 ± 2.4 |
1.9 ± 0 |
1.7 ± 2.4 |
0.104 |
|
| Body cell mass [kg] |
CON | 28.4 ± 6.5 | 29.2 ± 6.7 | 29.6 ± 6.7 | 0.232 | 0.079 | 0.417 | 0.044 | 2.8 ± 3.1 | 1.4 ± 0 | 4.2 ± 3.1 | 0.794 |
| VDD | 30.8 ± 6.8 | 31.0 ± 6.7 | 31.6 ± 7.3 | 0.354 | 0.303 | 0.158 | 0.082 | 0.6 ± 1.5 | 1.9 ± 9 | 2.6 ± 7.4 | 0.350 | |
| VDM |
30.1 ± 6.6 |
30.0 ± 6.7 |
30.6 ± 6.3 |
0.047 |
0.657 |
0.063 |
0.040 |
−0.3 ± 1.5 |
2.0 ± 6.0 |
1.7 ± 4.5 |
0.117 |
|
| Body fat [kg] |
CON | 18.7 ± 86 | 18.2 ± 9.2 | 16..9 ± 9.1 | 0.199 | 0.164 | 0.111 | 0.042 | −2.7 ± 89.3 | −6.7 ± 11.5 | −8.1 ± 18.0 | 0.983 |
| VDD | 20.4 ± 8.8 | 19.4 ± 8.6 | 18.3 ± 8.2 | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.002 | <0.001 | −4.9 ± 2.3 | −5.7 ± 4.7 | −10.3 ± 6.8 | 0.728 | |
| VDM |
18.8 ± 8.2 |
18.6 ± 7.9 |
17.0 ± 8.5 |
0.001 |
0.831 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
−1.1 ± 3.7 |
−8.6 ± 7.6 |
−9.6 ± 3.7 |
0.043 |
|
| Body fat [%] | CON | 23.3 ± 7.0 | 22.7 ± 8.2 | 21.7 ± 8.1 | 0.244 | 0.167 | 0.098 | 0.036 | −2.6 ± 17.1 | −4.4 ± 1.2 | −6.9 ± 15.7 | 0.879 |
| VDD | 24.1 ± 8.5 | 23.0 ± 8.7 | 21.8 ± 8.3 | <0.001 | 0.005 | 0.002 | <0.001 | −4.6 ± 2.4 | −5.2 ± 4.6 | −9.5 ± 2.4 | 0.351 | |
| VDM | 22.6 ± 7.4 | 22.5 ± 7.7 | 20.5 ± 7.8 | 0.001 | 0.750 | <0.001 | <0.001 | −0.4 ± 4.1 | −8.9 ± 1.3 | −9.3 ± 5.4 | 0.019 | |
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Friedman test was used to calculate differences over three time points with a P-value (p < 0.05). Differences between two time points were calculated using the Mann-Whitney U test with a P-value (p < 0.005) (Bonferroni corrected). Wilcoxon test was used to calculate the differences (Δ) between phase 1 (T2-T1) and differences (Δ) phase 2 (T3-T2) (p < 0.05). Bold numbers indicate significant differences. CON refers to control group, VDD refers to Vitamin D daily group (800 IU daily), VDM refers to Vitamin D monthly group (50.000 IU monthly).