(A) Overview of the differentiation of Th subsets, production of key effector cytokines, and their downstream effects. (B) Therapeutic targeting of T-cell responses, denoted numerically. Treatments approved for use in asthma are denoted in bold font, with faded downstream immune pathways; treatments that are no longer in development and/or that lacked efficacy in clinical trials for asthma are struck through; treatments requiring further investigation are depicted in normal font. Figure created using BioRender.com.
AHR, airway hyperreactivity; DC, dendritic cell; Eos., eosinophil; Neut., neutrophil, Th, T helper