Table 9.
Sport-Specific Performance Outcomes in Acute Energy Drink and Energy Shot Studies.
| Study | Subjects | Design | ED/ES Condition | Timing | Performance Testing Protocol | Results | Ref # |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Del Coso et al. 2013b | 26 elite male rugby players (25 ± 2 y, 93 ± 15 kg) | Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study | ED (Fure®, ProEnergetics at 1 and 3 mg∙kg BW−1 caffeine, taurine 2000 mg, sodium bicarbonate 500 mg, L-carnitine 200 mg, and maltodextrin 705 mg) vs. placebo |
60 min prior to testing | Body impacts during simulated rugby game | ↑ Body impacts | [169] |
| Peltier et al. 2013 | 8 trained male tennis players (26.0 ± 5.7 y; 82 ± 11 kg | Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study | ED (caffeine; 140 mgL−1) vs. placebo | Consumed before, during, and after tennis matches | Two 3-match round robin tennis tournaments | ↑ Tennis stroke frequency | [209] |
| Del Coso et al. 2014 | 15 male volleyball players (21.8 ± 6.9 y, 66 ± 7 kg) | Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study | ED (Fure®, ProEnergetics at 1 and 3 mg∙kg BW−1 caffeine, taurine 2000 mg, sodium bicarbonate 500 mg, L-carnitine 200 mg, and maltodextrin 705 mg) vs. placebo |
60 min prior to testing | Ball spike test Agility T-test Simulated volleyball match |
↑ Ball spike velocity (75 ± 10 vs. 73 ± 9 km/h) ↓ T-test time (10.8 ± 0.7 vs. 10.3 ± 0.4 s) ↑ Frequency of successful volleyball actions (34.3 ± 16.5 vs. 24.6 ± 14.3%) |
[136] |
| Monaghan et al. 2014 | 10 active-duty police officers | Randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study | ES (5-Hour Energy Extra®) vs. placebo | 30 min prior to testing | Handgun shooting stability test | ↓ Handgun stability | [210] |
| Mumford et al. 2015 | 12 male golfers (34.8 ± 13.9 y, 81.2 ± 13.1 kg) | Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study | ES (containing 155 mg caffeine, vitamin B complex, citric acid, elevATP [VDF FutureCeuticals Inc., Momence, IL] and sucralose) vs. 155 mg caffeine only vs. placebo | Provided at start and after 9th hole of golf | 18-hole round of golf | ↑ Total score (76.9 ± 8.1 vs. 79.4 ± 9.1) ↑ Drive distance (239.9 ± 33.8 vs. 233.2 ± 32.4 m) ↑ Greens in regulation (8.6 ± 3.3 vs 6.9 ± 4.6) |
[205] |
| Perez-Lopez et al. 2015 | 13 elite female volleyball players (25.2 ± 4.8 y, 64.4 ± 7.6 kg) | Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study | ED (Fure®, ProEnergetics at 1 and 3 mg∙kg BW−1 caffeine, taurine 2000 mg, sodium bicarbonate 500 mg, L-carnitine 200 mg, and maltodextrin 705 mg) vs. placebo |
60 min prior to testing | Standing ball spike test Jumping spike test Agility T-test Simulated volleyball match |
↑ Standing ball spike velocity (19.7 ± 1.9 vs. 19.2 ± 2.1 m/s) ↑ Jumping spike velocity (18.8 ± 2.2 vs. 17.9 ± 2.2 m/s) ↓ T-test time (10.9 ± 0.3 vs. 11.1 ± 0.5 s) ↑ Frequency of successful volleyball actions (34 ± 9 vs 14 ± 9%) |
[140] |
| Clarke et al. 2016 | 12 male badminton players (28 ± 9 y, 78 ± 9 kg) | Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study | Drink providing 4 mg/kg caffeine vs. drink providing 4 mg∙kg BW−1 caffeine and 6.4% carbohydrates vs. placebo | 60 min prior to testing | Badminton serve accuracy test | ↑ Short serve accuracy ↑ Long serve accuracy |
[201] |
| Portillo et al. 2017 | 16 elite female rugby sevens players (23 ± 2 y, 66 ± 7 kg) | Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study | ED (Fure®, ProEnergetics at 1 and 3 mg∙kg BW−1 caffeine, taurine 2000 mg, sodium bicarbonate 500 mg, L-carnitine 200 mg, and maltodextrin 705 mg) vs. placebo |
60 min prior to testing | Body impacts during three rugby sevens matches | ↑ Body impacts | [208] |
↑ = ED/ES significantly greater (p < 0.05) than control; ↓ = ED/ES significantly less (p < 0.05) than control; ↔ = no significant difference between ED/ES and control; ED = energy drink; ES = energy shot; g = gram; kg = kilogram; km = kilometer; mg = milligram; min = minutes; y = years