Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies.
| Author | Year | Area | Study design | Admitted time | Onset time | Thrombus type | Case number | Control number | Risk factors* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adrian A. Maung5 | 2011 | USA | Case control study | 2007–2008 | Not specified | VTE | 787 | 17515 | 1 2 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 |
| Selassie, A. W.23 | 2011 | USA | Case control study | 1998.1–2009.12 | Acute SCI | VTE | 138 | 3251 | 2 16 17 18 19 50 |
| Chao-Wei Wang12 | 2016 | China | Case control study | 2013–2014 | <24 h | DVT | 55 | 224 | 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 |
| Deborah Rubin-Asher29 | 2010 | Israel | Case control study | 1996.1–2003.5 | Acute SCI | VTE | 22 | 64 | 4 21 |
| Dong-Mei Wu19 | 2019 | China | Case control study | 2015.1–2018.9 | Acute SCI | DVT | 39 | 168 | 1 4 5 9 10 11 12 13 |
| JC de Campos Guerra11 | 2014 | Brazil | Case control study | 2011.1–2012.4 | Chronic SCI | DVT | 17 | 83 | 6 28 |
| Jong Geol Do74 | 2013 | Korea | Case control study | 2002.1–2011.7 | Acute SCI | DVT | 51 | 134 | 29 |
| Li Chengyan30 | 2018 | China | Case control study | 2015.12–2016.5 | Acute SCI | DVT | 14 | 133 | 4 27 60 |
| LIU Hong-wei21 | 2018 | China | Case control study | 2014.6–2017.6 | Acute SCI | DVT | 62 | 207 | 1 2 9 56 |
| Liu, W.33 | 2017 | China | Case control study | 2015.9–2016.8 | Not specified | DVT | 68 | 354 | 52 53 58 61 62 63 |
| Liu, Y. M.13 | 2018 | China | Case control study | 2013.5–2014.12 | <1w | DVT | 56 | 140 | 26 56 57 |
| Ma Yujuan14 | 2014 | China | Case control study | 2012.3–2014.7 | ≤1w | DVT | 9 | 40 | 2 58 |
| PAN Hongxia34 | 2018 | China | Case control study | 2013.12–2015.1 | Not specified | VTE | 82 | 83 | 12 26 52 |
| R Clements24 | 2017 | Australia | Case control study | 2010–2013 | Acute SCI | VTE | 47 | 175 | 2 23 24 25 26 |
| DVT | 30 | 192 | 23 25 26 27 | ||||||
| PE | 25 | 197 | 2 23 24 | ||||||
| Reza Ehsanian75 | 2019 | USA | Retrospective cohort study | 2009.12–2013.1 | Acute SCI | VTE | 48 | 234 | 54 55 |
| S Aito36 | 2007 | Italy | Case control study | 1999.7–2004.2 | Acute SCI | DVT | 43 | 46 | 6 22 |
| Seth Ahlquist76 | 2020 | USA | Case control study | 2013.1–2018.8 | Acute SCI | VTE | 12 | 67 | 53 |
| Tracey Jones25 | 2005 | USA | Retrospective cohort study | 1991.1–2001.12 | Acute SCI | VTE | 977 | 15263 | 2 26 27 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 |
| XIAO Long-yi22 | 2018 | China | Case control study | 2016.1–2017.12 | Acute SCI | DVT | 31 | 129 | 1 9 24 64 56 |
| Xin, K.26 | 2019 | China | Case control study | 2015.5–2017.5 | Acute SCI | DVT | 34 | 131 | 24 26 56 57 58 |
| Xuan Cheng31 | 2017 | China | Case control study | 2011.1–2015.12 | <24 h | DVT | 76 | 301 | 4 14 15 |
| Yang, K.27 | 2020 | China | Case control study | 2015.9–2016.8 | Not specified | DVT | 68 | 352 | 24 27 62 65 63 |
| Yu, X.20 | 2020 | China | Case control study | 2016.1–2017.12 | <48 h | DVT | 35 | 45 | 1 24 56 57 58 |
| Yu Yingying32 | 2020 | China | Case control study | 2016.1–2018.12 | Not specified | DVT | 48 | 252 | 26 56 57 |
| Zhu Xiaoguang28 | 2015 | China | Case control study | 2013.1–2013.12 | <48 h | DVT | 46 | 97 | 24 26 59 |
*Risk factors:1. Age; 2. Sex; 3. Hypercholesterolemia; 4. History of vein thrombosis; 5. CRP; 6. Homocysteine elevation (HCY elevation); 7. High-density lipoprotein (HDL); 8. Lipoprotein(a) (LP(a)); 9. D-dimer; 10. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF); 11. Clinical complications; 12. Rehabilitation therapy; 13. IL-6; 14. Chronic kidney disease; 15. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO); 16. Length of stay (LOS); 17. Level I hospital; 18. Level III hospital; 19. Discharge status (Deceased); 20. Fibrinogen; 21. Prothrombin mutation; 22. Inhibitor of plasminogen activator-1 (PAI-1); 23. Weight; 24. Motor paralysis complete or AIS A grade; 25. Time in days between injury and commencement of anticoagulant chemoprophylaxis (per day increase); 26. Associated lower limb or pelvic fracture; 27. Paraplegia; 28. Factor V Leiden; 29. absence of spasticity; 30. Injury Severity Score(ISS); 31. C5-7 vs C1-4; 32. T1-6 vs C1-4; 33. T7-12 vs C1-4; 34. Lumbar vs C1-4; 35. Traumatic brain injury (TBI); 36. Chest trauma; 37. African American; 38. 8–13 yrs; 39. 14–19 yrs; 40. 20–29 yrs; 41. >80 yrs; 42. Insurance status; 43. Elixhauser Comorbidity Index score; 44. Elixhauser Comorbidity Index score (2); 45. Elixhauser Comorbidity Index score (>3); 46. 250–350 beds; 47. <125 beds; 48. Tracheostomy; 49. Unspecified tetraplegia; 50. Incomplete tetraplegia; 51. Unspecified paraplegia; 52. Degree of injury; 53. Early use of low molecular weight heparin or heparin; 54. Low vitamin D without supplementation; 55. vitamin D supplementation; 56. Diabetes; 57. Smoking history; 58. Treatment without limb air pressure and ankle pump; 59. Combined with lumbar nerve injury; 60. Blood type; 61. Degree of education; 62. Abnormal urination; 63. DVT cognitive level; 64. Obesity; 65. No spouse.