Table 5. Multilevel logistic regression analysis to assess determinants of early initiation of first ANC visits among reproductive-age women in Ethiopia, 2019.
| Variable | Category | Null model I | Model II AOR (95%CI) |
Model III AOR (95%CI) |
Model VI AOR (95%CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal age (Years) | 15–19 | - | 1 | - | 1 |
| 20–29 | - | 0.98 (0.60, 1.61) | - | 1.01 (0.62, 1.65) | |
| 30–39 | - | 1.13 (0.65, 1.94) | - | 1.21 (0.71, 2.08) | |
| 40–49 | - | 1.15 (0.52, 2.53) | - | 1.30 (0.60, 2.83) | |
| Marital status | Married | - | 1 | - | 1 |
| Unmarried | - | 1.26 (0.67, 2.6) | - | 1.68 (0.98, 2.62) | |
| Religion | Orthodox | - | 1 | - | 1 |
| Muslim | - | 0.94 (0.70, 1.27) | - | 0.77 (0.53, 1.10) | |
| Protestant | - | 0.53 (0.37, 0.76) | - | 0.81 (0.53, 1.24) | |
| Others C | - | 1.44 (0.53, 3.89) | - | 2.05 (0.75, 5.57) | |
| Educational status | No education | - | 1 | - | 1 |
| Primary | - | 1.21(0.91, 1.59) | - | 1.32 (1.00, 1.74) | |
| Secondary | - | 1.30 (0.87, 1.95) | - | 1.35 (0.90, 2.02) | |
| Higher | - | 2.37 (1.41, 3.97) | - | 2.26 (1.36, 3.77)* | |
| Household wealth status | Poorest | - | 1 | - | 1 |
| Poorer | - | 1.60 (0.48, 1.38) | - | 1.52 (0.91, 1.69) | |
| Middle | - | 1.58 (1.04, 2.04) | - | 1.80 (1.17, 2.76)* | |
| Richer | - | 1.70 (1.11, 2.59) | - | 1.86 (1.21, 2.85)* | |
| Richest | - | 3.51 (2.34, 5.26) | - | 2.34 (1.43, 3.83)* | |
| Total number of children ever born | One | - | 1 | - | 1 |
| 2 and above | - | 0.99 (0.71, 1.36) | - | 0.99 (0.72, 1.37) | |
| Birth interval (in months) | < 24 | - | 1 | - | 1 |
| 24–36 | - | 0.73 (0.43, 1.24) | - | 0 .70 (0.42, 1.17) | |
| >36 | - | 0.84 (0.51, 1.39) | - | 0.82 (0.50, 1.36) | |
| Contraceptive method used | No-method | - | 1 | - | 1 |
| Modern | - | 1.17 (0.91, 1.49) | - | 1.24 (0.97, 1.59) | |
| Traditional | - | 1.84 (0.53, 6.38) | - | 2.02 (0.58, 7.06) | |
| Sex of household head | Female | - | 1 | - | 1 |
| Male | - | 0.66 (0.45, 0.79) | - | 0.87 (0.72, 0.97)* | |
| Family size | ≤ 4 | - | 1 | - | 1 |
| ≥ 5 | - | 0.72 (0.55, 0 .94) | - | 0.71 (0.55, 0.93)* | |
| Community-level variables | |||||
| Residence | Urban | - | - | 1 | 1 |
| Rural | - | - | 0.48 (0.36, 0 .63) | 0.70 (0.59, 0.93)* | |
| Region | Tigray | - | - | 1 | 1 |
| Afar | - | - | 1.05 (0.64, 1.72) | 1.58 (0.80, 3.12) | |
| Amhara | - | - | 1.08 (0.69, 1.70) | 1.21 (0.71, 2.05) | |
| Oromia | - | - | 0.72 (0.46, 1.14) | 0.59 (0.33, 1.07) | |
| Somalia | - | 0.57 (0.30, 1.10) | 1.10 (0.47, 2.59) | ||
| B/Gumz | - | 0.80 (0.50, 1.30) | 0.71 (0.39, 1.28) | ||
| SNNPR | - | 0.45 (0.28, .72) | 0.44 (0.23, 0.84)* | ||
| Gambella | - | 0 .79 (0.48, 1.28) | 0.66 (0.35, 1.23) | ||
| Harari | - | 2.49 (1.51, 4.11) | 2.24 (1.16, 4.30)* | ||
| Addis Ababa | - | 1.73 (1.00, 2.98) | 1.32 (0.69, 2.52) | ||
| Dire Dawa | - | 2.33 (1.40, 3.88) | 3.29 (1.69, 6.38)* | ||
*p-value < 0.05
AOR: Adjusted odds ratio, CI: Confidence interval, 1: Reference, c catholic or traditional religion follower, SNNPR: South Nation Nationality peoples region, B/Gumiz: Benshangul-Gumz region