FIGURE 5.

Neurosurgery and neuro-oncology patient groups potentially affected by psychedelic-based treatments: Depicted are patient populations who may benefit from psychedelic-assisted therapy (“mind-altering” treatments) for depression, anxiety, and/or addiction (SUD), as well as those in clinical trials with DBS or TMS for ruminative disorders. Patients who might benefit from the neuroplastic potential of psychedelics (possibly without psychedelic effects at lower doses) are depicted as “brain-altering,” including patients with chronic pain syndromes and those with brain injury (stoke, SAH, TBI) and neurodegenerative disorders. The potential overlap and synergy of these “mind-altering” and “brain-altering” psychedelic-based approaches warrant further investigation. DBS, deep brain stimulation; HA, headache; SAH, subarachnoid hemorrhage; SUD, substance use disorders; TBI, traumatic brain injury; TMS, transcranial magnetic stimulation. © Pacific Neuroscience Institute Foundation, 2022. Used with permission.