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. 2023 Mar 6;13:3708. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-30855-x

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Visual effects of the first four genetic PCs on the facial phenotype representing the four regional populations, North, South, East, and West. Exaggerated faces (8X; shown in grey) and normal displacement maps (magnitude of inward/outward movement) of PC effects on regional faces (n = 186) are shown. Displacement maps are normalized to the same axis per PC for comparison between regions.