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. 2023 Mar 6;13:3719. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-25585-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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GAM and smoothed curve fitting were used to investigate the relationship between TG/HDL-C ratio and the incidence of T2DM. The red solid line indicates the estimated risk of developing T2DM. The green dashed line indicates the 95% confidence interval of the fit. After adjusting for gender, age, exercise habits, body mass index, fatty liver, total cholesterol, hemoglobinA1c, smoking status, alcohol consumption, fasting plasma glucose, a J-shaped relationship was detected between TG/HDL-C ratio and the incidence of T2DM, with the risk of developing T2DM decreasing with increasing TG/HDL-C on the left side of the inflection point and the opposite relationship observed on the right side of the inflection point. Association between TG/HDL-C and T2DM in the Japanese population: J-shaped association between TG/HDL-C and T2DM. The solid red line indicates the smoothed curve fit between the variables. The green dashed line indicates the 95% confidence interval of the fit. Adjusted for gender, age, exercise habits, body mass index, fatty liver, total cholesterol, hemoglobinA1c, smoking status, alcohol consumption, fasting plasma glucose.